Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018

• DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01498-0
• Publication Date: 2021-10-12T23:26:02Z
• Authors: Damaris Kinyoki; Aaron E. Osgood-Z...; Natalia V. Bhatta...; ; Lauren E. Schaeffer; Alice Lazzar-Atwood; Dan Lu; Samuel B. Ewald; Katie M. Donkers; Ian D. Letourneau; Michael Collison; Megan F. Schipp; Amanuel Abajobir; Sima Abbasi; Nooshin Abbasi; Mitra Abbasifard; Mohsen Abbasi-Kan...; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Ahmed Abdelalim; Sherief M. Abd-El...; Amir Abdoli; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Aidin Abedi; Hassan Abolhassani; Biju Abraham; Lucas Guimarães A...; Michael R. M. Abrigo; Ahmed Abualhasan; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Abdelrahman I. Ab...; Manfred Mario Kok...; Maryam Adabi; Oladimeji M. Adebayo; Adeyinka Emmanuel...; Victor Adekanmbi; Olatunji O. Adeto...; Daniel Adedayo Ad...; Davoud Adham; Shailesh M. Advani; Pradyumna Agasthi; Mohammad Aghaali; Sohail Ahmad; Tauseef Ahmad; Keivan Ahmadi; Sepideh Ahmadi; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Miloud Taki Eddin...; Budi Aji; Oluwaseun Oladapo...; Addis Aklilu; Chisom Joyqueenet...; Ziyad Al-Aly; Turki M. Alanzi; Jacqueline Elizab...; Biresaw Wassihun ...; Ayinalem Alemu; Robert Kaba Alhassan; Sheikh Mohammad Alif; Vahid Alipour; Hesam Alizade; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Hesham M. Al-Mekh...; Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Saeed Amini; Fatemeh Amiri; Dickson A. Amugsi; Nahla Hamed Anber; Robert Ancuceanu; Tudorel Andrei; Masresha Tessema ...; Mina Anjomshoa; Fereshteh Ansari; Alireza Ansari-Mo...; Zelalem Alamrew A...; Ernoiz Antriyandarti; Davood Anvari; Razique Anwer; Muhammad Aqeel; Jalal Arabloo; Morteza Arab-Zozani; Olatunde Aremu; Habtamu Abera Areri; Al Artaman; Afsaneh Arzani; Malke Asaad; Mehran Asadi-Alia...; Ali A. Asadi-Pooya; Mulusew A. Asemahagn; Mohammad Asghari ...; Mengistu M. Ashebir; Zerihun Ataro; Seyyede Masoume A...; Seyyed Shamsadin ...; Maha Moh’d Wahbi ...; Marcel Ausloos; Nefsu Awoke; Beatriz Paulina A...; Getinet Ayano; Martin Amogre Aya...; Yared Asmare Aynalem; Muluken Altaye Ayza; Abbas Azadmehr; Darshan B; Tesleem Kayode Ba...; Alaa Badawi; Ashish D. Badiye; Mohammad Amin Bah...; Mohan Bairwa; Shankar M. Bakkan...; Palash Chandra Banik; Adhanom Gebreegzi...; Miguel A. Barboza; Huda Basaleem; Sanjay Basu; Mohsen Bayati; Bayisa Abdissa Baye; Gholamreza Bazman...; Neeraj Bedi; Tariku Tesfaye Te...; Michelle L. Bell; Isabela M. Bensenor; Kidanemaryam Berhe; Abadi Kidanemaria...; Kidanemariam Alem...; Dinesh Bhandari; Nikha Bhardwaj; Pankaj Bhardwaj; Krittika Bhattach...; Suraj Bhattarai; Zulfiqar A. Bhutta; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Antonio Biondi; Minyichil Birhanu; Raaj Kishore Biswas; Moses John Bockarie; Somayeh Bohlouli; Mahdi Bohluli; Archith Boloor; Shiva Borzouei; Nicola Luigi Brag...; Dejana Braithwaite; Andre R. Brunoni; Sharath Burugina ...; Zahid A. Butt; Florentino Lucian...; Luis Alberto Cámera; Josip Car; Rosario Cárdenas; Felix Carvalho; Joao Mauricio Cas...; Carlos A. Castañe...; Franz Castro; Muge Cevik; Wagaye Fentahun C...; Jaykaran Charan; Souranshu Chatterjee; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Sarika Chaturvedi; Simiao Chen; Ken Lee Chin; Mohiuddin Ahsanul...; Aubrey J. Cook; Vera Marisa Costa; Elizabeth A. Crom...; Berihun Assefa Da...; Henok Dagne; Baye Dagnew; Tukur Dahiru; Saad M. A. Dahlawi; Haijiang Dai; Hancheng Dai; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Parnaz Daneshpajo...; Farah Daoud; Jai K. Das; Rajat Das Gupta; Aditya Prasad Dash; Claudio Alberto D...; Kairat Davletov; Farah Deeba; Jan-Walter De Neve; Edgar Denova-Guti...; Kebede Deribe; Assefa Desalew; Getenet Ayalew De...; Sagnik Dey; Meghnath Dhimal; Govinda Prasad Dh...; Mostafa Dianatinasab; Daniel Diaz; Isaac Oluwafemi D...; Shirin Djalalinia; Hoa Thi Do; Fariba Dorostkar; Leila Doshmangir; Bereket Duko; Andre Rodrigues D...; Lucas Earl; Hisham Atan Edinur; Ferry Efendi; Rajesh Elayedath; Teshome Bekele Elema; Hala Rashad Elhab...; Shaimaa I. El-Jaa...; Iman El Sayed; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Aisha Elsharkawy; Yasser Mohamed El...; Maha El Tantawi; Daniel Adane Endalew; Babak Eshrati; Khalil Eskandari; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Ibtihal Fadhil; Emerito Jose A. F...; Mohammad Fareed; Pawan Sirwan Faris; Medhat Farwati; Farshad Farzadfar; Abidemi Omolara F...; Nazir Fattahi; Nelsensius Klau Fauk; Valery L. Feigin; Berhanu Elfu Feleke; Seyed-Mohammad Fe...; Eduarda Fernandes; Pietro Ferrara; Nataliya A. Foigt; Artem Alekseevich...; Masoud Foroutan; Joel Msafiri Francis; Richard Charles F...; Marisa Freitas; Takeshi Fukumoto; Mohamed M. Gad; Abhay Motiramji G...; Reta Tsegaye Gayesa; Biniyam Sahileden...; Birhan Gebresilla...; Hadush Gebremariam; Tesfay B. B. Gebr...; Leake Gebremeskel; Gebreamlak Gebrem...; Assefa Ayalew Geb...; Yilma Chisha Dea ...; Hailay Abrha Gesesew; Bradford D. Gessner; Lemma Getacher; Keyghobad Ghadiri; Fatemeh Ghaffarifar; Mansour Ghafourifard; Mahsa Ghajarzadeh; Farhad Ghamari; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Nermin Ghith; Syed Amir Gilani; Tiffany K. Gill; Myron Anthony God...; Philimon N. Gona; Ayman Grada; Mohammed Ibrahim ...; Nachiket Gudi; Davide Guido; Rashid Abdi Guled; Yuming Guo; Rachita Gupta; Rajeev Gupta; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Randah R. Hamadeh; Demelash Woldeyoh...; Asif Hanif; Arief Hargono; Ahmed I. Hasaballah; Md Mehedi Hasan; Syed Shahzad Hasan; Maryam Hashemian; Abdiwahab Hashi; Shoaib Hassan; Amr Hassan; Soheil Hassanipour; Hadi Hassankhani; Khezar Hayat; Mohamed I. Hegazy; Reza Heidari-Sour...; Nathaniel J. Henry; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Sousan Heydarpour; Hagos Degefa de H...; Chi Linh Hoang; Ramesh Holla; Julia Hon; Sung Hwi Hong; Praveen Hoogar; Seyyed Nasrollah ...; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mihaela Hostiuc; Sorin Hostiuc; Peter J. Hotez; Mowafa Househ; Tanvir M. Huda; Dawit Hoyiso Hulu...; Syed Ather Hussain; Bing-Fang Hwang; Olayinka Stephen ...; Irena M. Ilic; Milena D. Ilic; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Usman Iqbal; M. Mofizul Islam; Sheikh Mohammed S...; Chinwe Juliana Iwu; Chidozie C. D. Iwu; Farhad Jadidi-Nia...; Mohammad Ali Jahani; Vardhmaan Jain; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Amir Jalali; Farzad Jalilian; Manthan Dilipkuma...; Tahereh Javaheri; Ravi Prakash Jha; Oommen John; Kimberly B. Johnson; Jost B. Jonas; Jitendra Jonnagad...; Nitin Joseph; Ankur Joshi; Farahnaz Joukar; Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak; Ali Kabir; Zubair Kabir; Tanvir Kahlon; Leila R. Kalankesh; Rohollah Kalhor; Ashwin Kamath; Zahra Kamiab; Tanuj Kanchan; Umesh Kapil; Neeti Kapoor; Behzad Karami Matin; Salah Eddin Karimi; Ayele Semachew Kasa; Gebremicheal Gebr...; Zemenu Yohannes K...; Gebrehiwot G. Kassa; Getinet Kassahun; Gbenga A. Kayode; Ali Kazemi Karyani; Tibebeselassie S....; Peter Njenga Keiyoro; Bayew Kelkay; Maryam Keramati; Daniel Bekele Ketema; Nauman Khalid; Mohammad Khammarnia; Md Nuruzzaman Khan; Maseer Khan; Junaid Khan; Khaled Khatab; Amir M. Khater; Mona M. Khater; Abdullah T. Khoja; Jagdish Khubchandani; Neda Kianipour; Young-Eun Kim; Yun Jin Kim; Ruth W. Kimokoti; Sezer Kisa; Adnan Kisa; Tufa Kolola; Ali Koolivand; Soewarta Kosen; Parvaiz A. Koul; Ai Koyanagi; Kewal Krishan; Vijay Krishnamoorthy; Barthelemy Kuate ...; Nuworza Kugbey; Vaman Kulkarni; G. Anil Kumar; Nithin Kumar; Pushpendra Kumar; Manasi Kumar; Om P. Kurmi; Dian Kusuma; Ben Lacey; Deepesh P. Lad; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Faris Hasan Lami; Iván Landires; Anders O. Larsson; Savita Lasrado; Matthew B. Laurens; Carlo La Vecchia; Avula Laxmaiah; Paul H. Lee; Shaun Wen Huey Lee; Kate E. LeGrand; Sonia Lewycka; Bingyu Li; Shanshan Li; Xuefeng Liu; Jaifred Christian...; Daiane Borges Mac...; Shilpashree Madha...; Hassan Magdy Abd ...; Muhammed Magdy Ab...; D. R. Mahadeshwar...; Phetole Walter Ma...; Mina Maheri; Narayan B. Mahotra; Azeem Majeed; Venkatesh Maled; Shokofeh Maleki; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho ...; Abdullah A. Mamun; Fariborz Mansour-...; Borhan Mansouri; Mohammad Ali Mans...; Md Dilshad Dilsha...; Carlos Alberto Ma...; Francisco Rogerlâ...; Anthony Masaka; Pallab K. Maulik; Benjamin K. Mayala; Medhin Mehari; Man Mohan Mehndir...; Entezar Mehrabi N...; Fereshteh Mehri; Kala M. Mehta; Wahengbam Bigyana...; Teferi Mekonnen; Gebrekiros Gebrem...; Mulugeta Melku; Walter Mendoza; Ritesh G. Menezes; Meresa Berwo Meng...; Endalkachew Worku...; Tuomo J. Meretoja; Abera M. Mersha; Workua Mekonnen M...; Tomasz Miazgowski; Irmina Maria Mich...; G. K. Mini; Shabir Ahmad Mir; Andreea Mirica; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Hamed Mirzaei; Maryam Mirzaei; Mehdi Mirzaei-Ala...; Sanjeev Misra; Babak Moazen; Masoud Moghadaszadeh; Yousef Mohammad; Dara K. Mohammad; Naser Mohammad Gh...; Seyyede Momeneh M...; Abdollah Mohammad...; Reza Mohammadpour...; Hayat Maeruf Moha...; Salahuddin Mohammed; Ammas Siraj Mohammed; Shafiu Mohammed; Jemal Abdu Mohammed; Mohammad A. Mohse...; Ali H. Mokdad; Alex Molassiotis; Lorenzo Monasta; Masoud Moradi; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Rahmatollah Morad...; Paula Moraga; Abbas Mosapour; Simin Mouodi; Seyyed Meysam Mou...; Amin Mousavi Khan...; Getaneh Baye B. Mulu; Mehnaz Munir; Moses K. Muriithi; G. V. S. Murthy; Ghulam Mustafa; Ashraf F. Nabhan; Mehdi Naderi; Ahamarshan Jayara...; Shankar Prasad Na...; Mohsen Naghavi; Gurudatta Naik; Mukhammad David N...; Vinay Nangia; Jobert Richie Nan...; Atta Abbas Naqvi; Bruno Ramos Nasci...; Smitha Nayak; Vinod C. Nayak; Javad Nazari; Rawlance Ndejjo; Ionut Negoi; Ruxandra Irina Negoi; Henok Biresaw Net...; Georges Nguefack-...; Josephine W. Ngun...; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Diep Ngoc Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Yeshambel T. Nigatu; Rajan Nikbakhsh; Amin Reza Nikpoor; Chukwudi A. Nnaji; Vuong Minh Nong; Jean Jacques Noubiap; Virginia Nunez-Sa...; Vincent Ebuka Nwatah; Tafadzwa Nyanhanda; Bogdan Oancea; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; Onome Bright Oghe...; In-Hwan Oh; Daniel Micheal Ok...; Morteza Oladnabi; Andrew T. Olagunju; Jacob Olusegun Ol...; Bolajoko Olubukun...; Ahmed Omar Bali; Muktar Omer Omer; Abidemi E. Emmanu...; Obinna E. Onwujekwe; Alberto Ortiz; Eduardo Ortiz-Panozo; Nikita Otstavnov; Stanislav S. Otst...; Mayowa O. Owolabi; P. A. Mahesh; Jagadish Rao Padu...; Abhijit P. Pakhare; Keyvan Pakshir; Adrian Pana; Songhomitra Panda...; Anamika Pandey; Seithikurippu R. ...; Helena Ullyartha ...; Deepak Kumar Pasu...; Sangram Kishor Patel; Urvish K. Patel; Ashish Pathak; George C. Patton; Hamidreza Pazoki ...; Jeevan Pereira; Julia Moreira Pes...; Hai Quang Pham; Brandon V. Pickering; Saeed Pirouzpanah; Meghdad Pirsaheb; Khem Narayan Pokhrel; Maarten J. Postma; Faheem Hyder Pottoo; Hadis Pourchamani; Hadi Pourjafar; Hossein Poustchi; Sergio I. Prada; Dimas Ria Angga P...; Zahiruddin Quazi ...; Navid Rabiee; Ata Rafiee; Fakher Rahim; Mohammad Hifz Ur ...; Muhammad Aziz Rahman; Amir Masoud Rahmani; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Aashish Rajesh; Pradhum Ram; Kiana Ramezanzadeh; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Sowmya J. Rao; Satish Rao; Prateek Rastogi; Priya Rathi; Lal Rawal; Wasiq Faraz Rawasia; Reza Rawassizadeh; Lemma Demissie Re...; Robert C. Reiner; Bhageerathy Reshmi; Nima Rezaei; Omid Rezahosseini; Aziz Rezapour; Seyed Mohammad Riahi; Daniela Ribeiro; Ana Isabel Ribeiro; Jennifer Rickard; Hirbo Shore Roba; Leonardo Roever; Luca Ronfani; Morteza Rostamian; Susan Fred Rumisha; Godfrey M. Rwegerera; Siamak Sabour; Ehsan Sadeghi; Sahar Saeedi Mogh...; Rajesh Sagar; Amirhossein Sahebkar; Mohammad Ali Sahr...; S. Mohammad Sajadi; Nasir Salam; Marwa Rashad Salem; Hossein Samadi Kafil; Itamar S. Santos; Milena M. Santric...; Sivan Yegnanaraya...; Nizal Sarrafzadegan; Benn Sartorius; Arash Sarveazad; Brijesh Sathian; Thirunavukkarasu ...; Deepak Saxena; Alyssa N. Sbarra; David C. Schwebel; Anbissa Muleta Se...; Debarka Sengupta; Subramanian Senth...; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Allen Seylani; Feng Sha; Omid Shafaat; Saeed Shahabi; Mohammad Shahbaz; Izza Shahid; Masood Ali Shaikh; Mohammed Feyisso ...; Ali S. Shalash; Mahdi Shamali; Mehran Shams-Beyr...; MohammadBagher Sh...; Morteza Shamsizadeh; Mohammed Shannawaz; Kiomars Sharafi; Amrollah Sharifi; Aziz Sheikh; Abbas Sheikhtaheri; Ranjitha S. Shetty; B. Suresh Kumar S...; Adithi Shetty; Wondimeneh Shibab...; Mika Shigematsu; Jae Il Shin; Rahman Shiri; Reza Shirkoohi; Velizar Shivarov; Soraya Siabani; Sudeep K. Siddapp...; Tariq Jamal Siddiqi; Negussie Boti Sidemo; Balbir Bagicha Singh; Surya Singh; Yitagesu Sintayehu; Valentin Yurievic...; Anna Aleksandrovn...; Mohammad Reza Sob...; Amin Soheili; Shahin Soltani; Muluken Bekele So...; Emma Elizabeth Sp...; Chandrashekhar T....; Agus Sudaryanto; Mu’awiyyah Babale...; Iyad Sultan; Rafael Tabarés-Se...; Takahiro Tabuchi; Biruk Wogayehu Ta...; Eyayou Girma Tadesse; Amir Taherkhani; Zemenu Tamir; Animut Tagele Tamiru; Md Ismail Tareque; Abdelghani Tbakhi; Hirut Teame; Yonas Getaye Tefera; Arash Tehrani-Ban...; Yohannes Tekalegn; Merhawi Gebremedh...; Berhane Fseha Tek...; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Getayeneh Antehun...; Kavumpurathu Rama...; Nihal Thomas; Takele Tiki; Asres Bedaso Tila...; Mariya Vladimirov...; Marcos Roberto To...; Khanh Bao Tran; Bach Xuan Tran; Rajnish Tripathi; Jaya Prasad Tripathy; Phuong N. Truong; Riaz Uddin; Anayat Ullah; Chukwuma David Um...; Chigozie Jesse Uneke; Bhaskaran Unnikri...; Era Upadhyay; Muhammad Shariq U...; Marco Vacante; Alireza Vakilian; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Pascual R. Valdez; Yasser Vasseghian; Madhur Verma; Francesco S. Viol...; Bay Vo; Yohannes Dibaba Wado; Yasir Waheed; Yafeng Wang; Yuan-Pang Wang; Kinley Wangdi; Girmay Teklay Wel...; Andrea Werdecker; Taweewat Wiangkham; Nuwan Darshana Wi...; Charles Shey Wiys...; Tewodros Eshete W...; Ai-Min Wu; Chenkai Wu; Yang Xie; Ali Yadollahpour; Seyed Hossein Yah...; Tomohide Yamada; Mingyou Yang; Sanni Yaya; Vahid Yazdi-Feyza...; Tomas Y. Yeheyis; Alex Yeshaneh; Yigizie Yeshaw; Yordanos Gizachew...; Mekdes Tigistu Yilma; Paul Yip; Melissa F. Young; Zabihollah Yousefi; Taraneh Yousefine...; Hebat-Allah Salah...; Abdilahi Yousuf Y...; Chuanhua Yu; Yong Yu; Shamsa Zafar; Syed Saoud Zaidi; Zoubida Zaidi; Josefina Zakzuk; Sojib Bin Zaman; Mohammad Zamani; Maryam Zamanian; Alireza Zandifar; Alireza Zangeneh; Mikhail Sergeevic...; Anasthasia Zastro...; Dejene Tesfaye Ze...; Kaleab Alemayehu ...; Yunquan Zhang; Cong Zhu; Arash Ziapour; Nicholas J. Kasse...; Simon I. Hay
• Keywords: Global Health

Anemia is a globally widespread condition in women and associated with reduced economic productivity increased mortality worldwide. Here we map annual 2000-2018 geospatial estimates of anemia prevalence reproductive age (15-49 years) across 82 low- middle-income countries (LMICs), stratify by severity aggregate results to policy-relevant administrative national levels. Additionally, provide subnational disparity analyses comprehensive overview inequalities within these predict progress toward the World Health Organization's Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) reduce half 2030. Our demonstrate moderate improvements overall but identify only three LMICs high probability achieving WHO GNT 2030 at scale, no LMIC expected achieve target all their units. maps show where large within-country disparities occur, as well areas likely fall short GNT, offering precision public health tools so that adequate resource allocation subsequent interventions can be targeted most vulnerable populations.