Seasonality of water quality and diarrheal disease counts in urban and rural settings in south India

• DOI: 10.1038/srep20521
• Publication Date: 2016-02-12T11:19:11Z
• Authors: Alexandra V. Kuli...; Venkat R. Mohan; Mark R. Francis; Deepthi Kattula; Rajiv Sarkar; Jeanine D. Plummer; Honorine Ward; Gagandeep Kang; Vinohar Balraj; Elena N. Naumova
• Keywords: Diarrhea; Risk; Rural Population; Time Factors; Geography; Urban Population; Rain; Temperature; India; 01 natural sciences; Article; 6. Clean water; 3. Good health; 13. Climate action; Water Quality; 11. Sustainability; Humans; Regression Analysis; Seasons; 14. Life underwater; 0105 earth and related environmental sciences

AbstractThe study examined relationships among meteorological parameters, water quality and diarrheal disease counts in two urban and three rural sites in Tamil Nadu, India. Disease surveillance was conducted between August 2010 and March 2012; concurrently water samples from street-level taps in piped distribution systems and from household storage containers were tested for pH, nitrate, total dissolved solids and total and fecal coliforms. Methodological advances in data collection (concurrent prospective disease surveillance and environmental monitoring) and analysis (preserving temporality within the data through time series analysis) were used to quantify independent effects of meteorological conditions and water quality on diarrheal risk. The utility of a local calendar in communicating seasonality is also presented. Piped distribution systems in the study area showed high seasonal fluctuations in water quality. Higher ambient temperature decreased and higher rainfall increased diarrheal risk with temperature being the predominant factor in urban and rainfall in rural sites. Associations with microbial contamination were inconsistent; however, disease risk in the urban sites increased with higher median household total coliform concentrations. Understanding seasonal patterns in health outcomes and their temporal links to environmental exposures may lead to improvements in prospective environmental and disease surveillance tailored to addressing public health problems.