Island radiation on a continental scale: Exceptional rates of plant diversification after uplift of the Andes

• DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601928103
• Publication Date: 2006-06-27T00:53:55Z
• Authors: Colin Hughes; Ruth Eastwood
• Keywords: Cichlid; Endemism; Biodiversity hotspot

Species radiations provide unique insights into evolutionary processes underlying species diversification and patterns of biodiversity. To compare plant over a similar time period to the recent cichlid fish radiations, which are an order magnitude faster than documented bird, arthropod, we focus on high-altitude flora Andes, is most species-rich any tropical mountains. Because uplift northern upland environments where much this rich endemic found have been available for colonization only since late Pliocene or Pleistocene, 2-4 million years (Myr) ago. Using DNA sequence data identify monophyletic group within genus Lupinus representing 81 Andes. The age clade estimated be 1.18-1.76 Myr, implying rate 2.49-3.72 per Myr. This exceeds previous estimates plants, providing spectacular example explosive date. Furthermore, it suggests that high rates not unique. Lack key innovations associated with Andean was driven by ecological opportunities afforded emergence island-like habitats after uplift. Data from other genera indicate lupines one set similarly rapid continental in scale stimulus, suggesting high-elevation provides system rivals groups, including cichlids, understanding diversification.