Environmental Controls on Tornadoes and Tornado Outbreaks

• DOI: 10.1080/07055900.2022.2079472
• Publication Date: 2022-06-09T15:38:56Z
• Authors: Eigo Tochimoto
• Keywords: Extratropical cyclone; Supercell; Severe weather

In this article, the global climatology of tornadoes and current understanding synoptic- meso-scale environments tornado outbreaks are reviewed. The study involves investigation atmospheric processes at global- to micro-scales has advanced multiscale processes. Global-scale circulation controls synoptic-scale such as extratropical cyclones, upper-level jets, anticyclonic circulation; affect mesoscale that cause severe thunderstorms tornadoes. Studies near-storm environment over decades have improved our differences in environmental parameters vertical shear buoyancy between tornadic nontornadic thunderstorms. Composite associated with been developed found be skilful predicting potential occurrence. However, false alarm ratios for prediction still large. Since it is a challenge predict based on whether or not will occur, further development new meteorological improve skill required future studies.