Associations between phthalate metabolites and two novel systemic inflammatory indexes: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES data

• DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2025.2496411
• Publication Date: 2025-04-24T12:36:55Z
• Authors: Fangyu Cheng; Yueyuan Li; Kai Deng; Xinyu Zhang; Wenxue Sun; Xin Yang; Xiaofang Zhang; Chunping Wang
• Keywords: Cross-sectional study

The potentially risky effects of metabolites phthalates (mPAEs) on inflammation and immune function have attracted much attention in recent years. However, direct studies the relationship between these systemic inflammatory index (SII) response (SIRI) are limited. This cross-sectional study used generalized linear regression models (GLM), restricted cubic splines (RCS), weighted quantile sum (WQS), Bayesian kernel-machine (BKMR) to analyze data from 2,763 U.S. adults aged 20 80 years, obtained National Health Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted 2013 2018. aimed investigate urine samples nine mPAEs levels SII/SIRI a single, nonlinear, mixed explored robustness findings under single using two sensitivity analyses for completeness. In addition, six variables (age, sex, BMI, percentage total daily energy intake ultra-processed foods (UPFs), vegetable intake, dietary supplements) association results were through subgroup identify important confounders. exposure analyses, mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), mono-ethyl (MEP), monobenzyl (MBzP) positively associated with SII/SIRI. demonstrated positive collective concentrations SII/SIRI, MBzP being identified as significant contributor urinary mPAEs. analysis exposures show that is more females, overweight/obese populations, young/middle-aged populations high UPFs. Positive associations was determined most impact. significantly influenced by female groups, young middle-aged overweight obese individuals, well those higher