Maternal Hair Analysis for the Detection of Illicit Drugs, Medicines, and Alcohol Exposure During Pregnancy

• DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e318288453f
• Publication Date: 2013-05-10T10:41:41Z
• Authors: Elena Lendoiro; Eva González-Colm...; Ana Concheiro-Guisán; Ana de Castro; Angelines Cruz; Manuel López-Riva...; Marta Concheiro
• Keywords: Adult; Adolescent; Alcohol Drinking; Substance-Related Disorders; 01 natural sciences; 03 medical and health sciences; 0302 clinical medicine; Limit of Detection; Pregnancy; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Interview, Psychological; Humans; Smoking; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy Outcome; Middle Aged; 0104 chemical sciences; 3. Good health; Pregnancy Complications; Substance Abuse Detection; Female; 32 Ciencias médicas; Alcohol-Related Disorders; Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome; Chromatography, Liquid; Hair

Drug of abuse consumption throughout pregnancy is a serious public health problem and an important economic cost to the health system. The aim of this work was to compare maternal interview and hair analysis to determine drug consumption throughout pregnancy and to study relations among maternal interview, hair results, and neonatal outcomes.Two hundred nine mothers agreed to participate. After delivery, they were interviewed and a hair sample collected. Hair samples were segmented in trimesters and analyzed for 35 drugs [opioids, cocaine, amphetamines, Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), ketamine, methadone, antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and hypnotics; limits of quantification 5-100 pg/mg] and for ethyl glucuronide (limit of quantification 10 pg/mg) by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Statistical analysis was performed with χ test and t test.In the interview, 4.3% mothers declared using illicit drugs during pregnancy (cocaine 1.4%, THC 2.9%, and opiates 1%), 3.3% medicines (methadone 1.9%, benzodiazepines 1.9%, and antidepressants 0.5%), 21.5% tobacco, and 13.7% alcohol. Hair analysis showed 15.4% prevalence in illicit drugs (cocaine 12.4%, THC 3.8%, opiates 1%, and ketamine 1%), 22.5% in medicines (methadone 3.3%, benzodiazepines 11%, antidepressants 9.1%, zopiclone 1%, and fentanyl 1.4%), and 3.9% in alcohol. Neonatal abstinence syndrome was developed in 8.1% newborns, all of them from mothers with high methadone-positive hair results (>926.2 pg/mg). Statistically significant lower newborn weight and length were found in neonates from declared smokers compared with nonsmokers (P < 0.05).Maternal hair analysis showed to be more sensitive than maternal interview to detect drug use during pregnancy, except for alcohol. In this preliminary study, no statistically significant differences were found between exposed and nonexposed newborns to drugs, except for tobacco consumption.