Introduction and adaptation of an emerging pathogen to olive trees in Italy

0301 basic medicine adaptation highest posterior density Xylella 630 olive quick decline syndrome environment/Symbiosis emerging pathogen. Abbreviations: APL 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment emerging pathogen Aetiology Research Articles Phylogeny [INFO.INFO-BI] Computer Science [cs]/Bioinformatics [q-bio.QM] Xylella fastidiosa 2. Zero hunger 0303 health sciences Genome Apulia Bacterial High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing Adaptation, Physiological 3. Good health ST53 population genomics, adaptation, Olive Quick Decline Syndrome Phylogeography Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS) Italy HPD Infection 570 Physiological Olive Quick Decline Syndrome Microbiology OQDS 03 medical and health sciences Olea Genetics X. fastidiosa Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS) Adaptation Plant Diseases outbreak Whole Genome Sequencing Human Genome Central America [SDV.EE.IEO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis 15. Life on land sequence type 53 [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology Emerging Infectious Diseases Good Health and Well Being 13. Climate action adaption [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology [INFO.INFO-BI]Computer Science [cs]/Bioinformatics [q-bio.QM] [SDV.MP.BAC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology Genome, Bacterial
DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000735 Publication Date: 2021-12-14T15:17:29Z
ABSTRACT
The invasive plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa currently threatens European flora through the loss of economically and culturally important host plants. This emerging vector-borne bacterium, native to the Americas, causes several important diseases in a wide range of plants including crops, ornamentals, and trees. Previously absent from Europe, and considered a quarantine pathogen, X. fastidiosa was first detected in Apulia, Italy in 2013 associated with a devastating disease of olive trees (Olive Quick Decline Syndrome, OQDS). OQDS has led to significant economic, environmental, cultural, as well as political crises. Although the biology of X. fastidiosa diseases have been studied for over a century, there is still no information on the determinants of specificity between bacterial genotypes and host plant species, which is particularly relevant today as X. fastidiosa is expanding in the naive European landscape. We analysed the genomes of 79 X . fastidiosa samples from diseased olive trees across the affected area in Italy as well as genomes of the most genetically closely related strains from Central America. We provided insights into the ecological and evolutionary emergence of this pathogen in Italy. We first showed that the outbreak in Apulia is due to a single introduction from Central America that we estimated to have occurred in 2008 [95 % HPD: 1930–2016]. By using a combination of population genomic approaches and evolutionary genomics methods, we further identified a short list of genes that could play a major role in the adaptation of X. fastidiosa to this new environment. We finally provided experimental evidence for the adaptation of the strain to this new environment.
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