Global phylogeography and evolution of chelonid fibropapilloma-associated herpesvirus

Marine turtles Epidemiology Molecular Sequence Data Evolutionary biology Pathogenesis Gene Green Turtle Fibropapillomatosis Evolution, Molecular Rabies Virus Transmission and Control 03 medical and health sciences Quantitative-analysis Caretta-Caretta Virology Simplex-virus type-1 Health Sciences Recombinant sequences Genetics Animals Cluster Analysis Biology Herpesviridae Nature and Landscape Conservation Immunology and Microbiology 0303 health sciences Papilloma Conservation and Management of Marine Turtles Worldwide Life Sciences Sequence Analysis, DNA 16. Peace & justice Developmental habitats Turtles 3. Good health Phylogenetics Herpesviruses: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Management Phylogeography FOS: Biological sciences DNA, Viral Environmental Science Physical Sciences Molecular evolution Medicine Time dependency Sea-turtles
DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.038950-0 Publication Date: 2012-01-19T05:49:31Z
ABSTRACT
A global phylogeny for chelonid fibropapilloma-associated herpesvirus (CFPHV), the most likely aetiological agent of fibropapillomatosis (FP) in sea turtles, was inferred, using dated sequences, through Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis and used to estimate the virus evolutionary rate independent of the evolution of the host, and to resolve the phylogenetic positions of new haplotypes from Puerto Rico and the Gulf of Guinea. Four phylogeographical groups were identified: eastern Pacific, western Atlantic/eastern Caribbean, mid-west Pacific and Atlantic. The latter comprises the Gulf of Guinea and Puerto Rico, suggesting recent virus gene flow between these two regions. One virus haplotype from Florida remained elusive, representing either an independent lineage sharing a common ancestor with all other identified virus variants or an Atlantic representative of the lineage giving rise to the eastern Pacific group. The virus evolutionary rate ranged from 1.62×10−4to 2.22×10−4substitutions per site per year, which is much faster than what is expected for a herpesvirus. The mean time for the most recent common ancestor of the modern virus variants was estimated at 192.90–429.71 years ago, which, although more recent than previous estimates, still supports an interpretation that the global FP pandemic is not the result of a recent acquisition of a virulence mutation(s). The phylogeographical pattern obtained seems partially to reflect sea turtle movements, whereas altered environments appear to be implicated in current FP outbreaks and in the modern evolutionary history of CFPHV.
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