An intertwined perspective on technology and digitised individuals: Linkages, needs and outcomes

• DOI: 10.1111/isj.12304
• Publication Date: 2020-08-14T16:19:34Z
• Authors: Ofir Turel; Christian Matt; Manuel Trenz; Christy M.K. Cheung
• Keywords: 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering; 02 engineering and technology

Information technology (IT) has changed dramatically over the last several decades. Although, in its early days IT been mostly used as a tool for conducting business or running complex governmental and organisational operations, it shifted to also become productivity hedonic individual users (Matt, Trenz, Cheung, & Turel, 2019). Readers can reflect on how many technologies surround them now, they read this article. These include range of mixed-use that cater both utilitarian objectives. Examples include, but are not limited to, device through which article is (desktop, laptop, tablet, smartphone), smart TV, kitchen appliances, watches, wearable fitness trackers, connected autonomous cars drive readers whilst listen text-to-voice generated version changes technological landscape have presumably supported by advancements made more affordable than before, smaller, yet broader capabilities, beyond merely being job- leisure-oriented (Turel et al., Since these exclusively leisure non-work settings, work (including leisure) created what we call digitised individuals, defined who use at least one digital their life domains.11 This implies most people be considered individuals clearly vary degree - from very low (e.g.,a person uses smartphone check weather once day) high (e.g., manages his her via technologies). We broad concept all types linkages between technologies. However, worth noting there spectrum degrees digitisation result choices illustrated our framework below. Note existed since dawn personal computers, see major growth decade with vast penetration smartphones, social media lifestyle health view collective contributing phenomenon proliferation lives Although bare minimum qualify according definition using including purposes, nowadays, multiple different extents, integrated into ways. creates large variability extent digitisation. The combination significant diffusion (partly joint) usage leads necessity develop an intertwined perspective considers same time, is, socio-technical perspective. Several studies argued need understand drivers consequences digitisation, because aimed unique features distinguish commonly examined technologies, insufficiently highlighted understood 2019; Turel characteristics include: (1) creation new application domains Internet connectivity any home IT-infused Yashiro, Kobayashi, Koshizuka, Sakamura, 2013), (2) ubiquitous use, even embedding human bodies creating cybernetic organisms, 'cyborgs' (Pelegrín-Borondo, Arias-Oliva, Murata, Souto-Romero, 2020), (3) user volition defining settings portfolios (Liu, Santhanam, Webster, 2017), (4) change reflects shift immigrants natives, increased acceptance (Kesharwani, (5) self-determined approaches usage, self-learning (Huang, Backman, McGuire, Moore, 2019), (6) globalised markets little some may say impossible regulation consumer protections (Tanczer, Brass, Elsden, Carr, Blackstock, 2019) (7) effects, negative, positive ambivalent, relate non-usage IT, long after discontinued. abovementioned aspects show diversity phenomenon. Here, build scattered provide better individual. Our links arrangements multitude possible outcomes lens self-determination theory, SDT (Deci Ryan, 1985; Ryan Deci, 2000). viable important way comprehending individual, adoption of, post-use behaviours pertaining self-determined, serving key needs. highlights importance three basic needs: autonomy, competence, relatedness – satisfied restricted interactions technology. Autonomy taking action having freedom do want, competence refers progression attaining goals achievements, socialise connect others. As such, applied various information systems context will (Menard, Bott, Crossler, 2017; Venkatesh, Thong, Chan, Hu, Brown, 2011) promise support such showcase act needs maintained (Gagné 2005). Extending views, argue here allowing interact (sometimes physically) particular reach goals; affords developed either implicitly explicitly address dictated SDT, can, context, double-edged sword attainment diminishing others impose wide levels. elaborate next section. Using current understanding propose below means classify works focus digitise well society, plan future domain. (see Figure 1) includes layers, interaction amongst influence (psychological behavioural, micro individuals) macro societies) levels decisions actions. explain layers relevant research questions sub-sections. layer encapsulates users' lives. functional affordances domain captures things [e.g., connecting friends (Karahanna, Xu, Zhang, 2018), tracker collecting (Henriksen 2018)]; domains' capture areas affected [eg, affect social, family (Tarafdar, Gupta, 2015), trackers collect data (Best, Manktelow, Taylor, 2014)] physical links, physically ranging continuum distant sensors, remotely parked vehicle) embedded always moving (e.g.,digital implants) (Akturk Brackett, 2020; Seeber 2020). external functional, afforded serve basis caters needs, SDT. Research elements require design science (Pascal Renaud, 2020) other (Brosens, Adebesin, Kruger, designing artefacts desired efficient ethical ways (Wessel Helmer, aspect supposed functions going allow interfere interface A simple classification comes mind guide vs. enable facilitate. That technology, if so, providing recommendations best restaurant town YELP), directions Waze) facilitate making reservations online restaurant's website), reaching sending link one's car self-drive there). posit four categories links. first category 'physically distant' public surveillance camera, network supervision [Venkatesh, 2008; Zuboff, 2015], where away technology) exposure inherent specific actions, example, places Internet. second third voluntarily decide bring them, 'carried along' smartphones mobile devices [Jung, 2014]) 'worn' [Mettler Wulf, 2019]). opposed 'carry situation, wearing much stronger connection body, often access pulse, movements) cannot easily removed (Mettler Lastly, body implants, Pelegrin-Borondo, Reinares-Lara, Olarte-Pascual, 2017). still voluntary decision, decision certainly difficult remove present, leading profound lasting Based prior research, suggest afford domains: personal/familial (Cornejo, Tentori, Favela, (Ollier-Malaterre, Rothbard, Berg, (Giddens, Gonzalez, Leidner, 2016) (Davison, Ou, Martinsons, 2018). Whilst primary purpose lie improvements higher effectiveness assistants), domains, positively, neutrally negatively, possibly investigated. set contexts across should studied, affordances, motivations human-technology serves fertile ground research. SDT-based embryonic stage, therefore room exploring questions: How could users? differ links? functionalities impacts Layer 1 Inflate deflate fulfilment (ie, varying terms relatedness, autonomy). For encounter increase owing jointly applications (Kluwer, Karremans, Riedijk, Knee, Stragier, Vanden Abeele, De Marez, At time might autonomy (through control data) (by learning stress excessive tracking; Owens Cribb, counterbalanced tracking (Schlomann, von Storch, Rasche, Rietz, 2016). mediating layer, ability described outcomes, 3, mediated fulfilment, captured 2. requires reliance motivation (Deci, 1975; Koestner, 1999), human-computer-interaction (Card, 2018) (Mettler, Sprenger, Winter, 2017) theories, theoretical streams when In nutshell, achievements. It seek outcome experience mastery. engage provoking mastery (Yee, 2006), lingering question regarding whether reduces solve problems own, just so (Graaf, Relatedness with, caring An removes and/or substitutes normal face-to-face technology-mediated (Turel, want. basically desire causal agents own harmony self. area seriously threatened (e.g.,robots, cars, service bots), replace (Ågerfalk, Thus, opportunities examine regarding: When does people? willing give up autonomy? Moreover, affordances)? Integrating questions, of: downstream intended not, prescribed met, general feel happier, satisfied, wellbeing (Ryan Martela, IS users, results (Rezvani, Khosravi, Dong, engaged (Liu rebel try situation. lose agency sense reduced meet needs) quit reduce find work-arounds (Ilie represent psychological reactance towards (Brehm, 1966). inner influenced dynamic middle outer (Layers 2). psychology theories (Müller, Junglas, Brocke, Debortoli, 2016), emphasis components (Raddatz, Marett, Trinkle, able meet, failing (Karahanna flexible dynamic, Layers 2 consequently 3 vary. variation stems permeability layers; frequent. situation another accept full freeway side roads [Brown Osborn, 2019]) system videogame until reaches certain level, afterwards almost master, no longer supports competency [Baldwin, 2017]). studied quite extensively, though formally Studies shown effects users. self-esteem (Burrow Rainone, improved educational (Mayo, 2009), feelings happiness enjoyment during (hedonic effects) (Bründl, Matt, Hess, elevated convenience (Wang, Minor, Wei, limitations (Pollack, 2005), (Wang 2015). Negative cognitive strain (McHugh, Wisniewski, Rosson, Carroll, dependence addiction (especially games) (Lee, deception fake news) (Lazer 2018; Pennycook Rand, academic performance (Adelantado-Renau sleep loss (Woods Scott, consumption unhealthy foods drinks (Bradbury, Morrison, aggressive (Chan, Wong, observed Becker, Kolbeck, (Lim Choi, Notwithstanding contributions studies, are: What successful, partially successful failed needs? promoted negative eliminated? briefly illustrate Taking example collection (technology designed individuals), plurality online-based infotainment navigation services). carry wear everywhere go. personal, (Layer 1, layer). degrees. create in-group owners forums, driving crowd sharing Waze), relatedness. Learning (that provided frequently like those manufactured Tesla) competence. help hurt agency, hand volitional unassisted relying number features. Nevertheless, decisions, suggested route selection restaurants nearby preventing lane lane, were fully under control, hence 2, generate manifested attitudes car, gains due self-drives responding emails voice interaction), financial risks accidents potentially distracted, interacting games, karaoke driving). section, describe papers special issue further leverage gaps illuminated advancing individuals. note restriction factors, imply necessarily instead multi-faceted contradictory. instance, Moya Pallud (2020) investigate quantified-self worn goal health. enter state particularly intervenes authors expand upon Foucault's metaphor panopticon conceptualise heautopticon, consented micro-surveillance They qualitative study interviews dataset extracted forums blogs uncover form agreed-upon simultaneously empowers disempowers highlight complexity interplay framework. increasing self-driving tracing apps, smart-home solutions) similar paper presents groundwork shape societies. interesting consider would happened implanted rather worn, how, here, patterns. influences produces benefits Ogbanufe Gerhart nice emerge Focusing smartwatches exemplary wearers identity valence frameworks. Particularly, theorise development smartwatch evaluation belongingness) obstruction privacy risk). furthermore novel two additional tangible deep innovative performance). Drawing survey 216 wearers, demonstrate identity, performance. insights improve individuals' behaviour fruitful given decreasing distance technology-human aggregate level theorising analysis macro-levels, group (team) societal nature assistants (SHA) Benlian, Klumpe, Hinz person-technology fit model, self-regulation literature anthropomorphism intrusive SHAs associated SHA use. Benlian al.'s aligns multi-method approach vignette-based experiment (n = 136) follow-up field 214) SHA's unintentional activation, anonymity, presenteeism) invasion, turn heighten interpersonal conflicts home. demonstrated anthropomorphic attenuate harmful effect invasion strain. study, features) anthropomorphism) play roles explaining conflicts. Future leveraging extend looking need-affordance generate, only (individuals) society). editorial, outlined perspectives studying introduced spans layers. begins investigated considering functionality, distinguishing enters influences. addresses fulfiled obstructed impact then manifests micro- macro-levels. Overall, pave addressed studies. researchers topic, we, humans, increasingly digitised, without why us, implications trend society.