Out‐of‐Tibet: the spatio‐temporal evolution of Gentiana (Gentianaceae)

• DOI: 10.1111/jbi.12840
• Publication Date: 2016-07-26T17:46:45Z
• Authors: Adrien Favre; Ingo Michalak; Chih‐Hsiung Chen; Jenn‐Che Wang; James S. Pringle; Sabine Matuszak; Hang Sun; Yong‐Ming Yuan; Lena Struwe; Alexandra N. Muel...
• Keywords: Gentiana; Gentianaceae

Abstract Aim We investigated the historical biogeography and diversification of Gentiana L. (Gentianaceae). Our study depicts origin dispersal routes this alpine genus, role uplift Qinghai–Tibet Plateau ( QTP ) past climate changes as triggers for its diversification. Location Tibeto‐Himalayan region world‐wide mountain habitats. Methods sampling represents more than 50% extant species, including all sections across their entire geographical ranges. evolutionary history using phylogenetic reconstructions (maximum likelihood Bayesian inference) ITS , atp B– rbc L trn L– F sequences, well molecular dating with beast . tested two approaches ancestral area DEC DIVA in BioGeo BEARS rates BAMM Results The common ancestor subtribe Gentianinae lived at around 34 (25–45) million years ago (Ma), 40 (29–52) Ma respectively. From surroundings lineages dispersed to eastern China, Taiwan, Europe, North South America, Australia New Guinea, from mid‐Miocene onward c 15 Ma–present), only one older event Europe 37–21 Ma). Diversification gradually increased over time, switches were identified 7 Ma, simultaneously Pneumonanthe / Cruciata lineage Tripterospermum ). Main conclusions existed throughout most following India‐Asia collision. This acted primary source dispersals many areas world. Because steady increase coincides extension we argue that museum theory rather explosive radiation prevails gentians region, although rare shifts are associated niche alpine/subalpine ecotone.