Serine racemase deficiency attenuates choroidal neovascularization and reduces nitric oxide and VEGF levels by retinal pigment epithelial cells
Lipopolysaccharides
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
0301 basic medicine
0303 health sciences
Lasers
Macrophages
Racemases and Epimerases
Mice, Transgenic
Retinal Pigment Epithelium
Blindness
Nitric Oxide
Choroidal Neovascularization
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Disease Models, Animal
Mice
03 medical and health sciences
Gene Expression Regulation
13. Climate action
Mutation
Serine
Animals
Cytokines
RNA, Messenger
Cells, Cultured
DOI:
10.1111/jnc.14214
Publication Date:
2017-09-11T16:12:47Z
AUTHORS (9)
ABSTRACT
AbstractChoroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a leading cause of blindness in age‐related macular degeneration. Production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and macrophage recruitment by retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) significantly contributes to the process of CNV in an experimental CNV model. Serine racemase (SR) is expressed in retinal neurons and glial cells, and its product, d‐serine, is an endogenous co‐agonist of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor. Activation of the receptor results in production of nitric oxide (.NO), a molecule that promotes retinal and choroidal neovascularization. These observations suggest possible roles of SR in CNV. With laser‐injured CNV mice, we found that inactivation of SR‐coding gene (Srrnull) significantly reduced CNV volume, neovascular density, and invading macrophages. We exploited the underlying mechanism in vivo and ex vivo. RPE from wild‐type (WT) mice expressed SR. To explore the possible downstream target of SR inactivation, we showed that choroid/RPE homogenates extracted from laser‐injured Srrnull mice contained less inducible nitric oxide synthase and decreased phospho‐VEGFR2 compared to amounts in WT mice. In vitro, inflammation‐primed WT RPEs expressed more inducible NOS, produced more.NO and VEGF than did inflammation‐primed Srrnull RPEs. When co‐cultured with inflammation‐primed Srrnull RPE, significantly fewer RF/6A‐a cell line of choroidal endothelial cell, migrated to the opposite side of the insert membrane than did cells co‐cultured with pre‐treated WT RPE. Altogether, SR deficiency reduces RPE response to laser‐induced inflammatory stimuli, resulting in decreased production of a cascade of pro‐angiogenic cytokines, including.NO and VEGF, and reduced macrophage recruitment, which contribute synergistically to attenuated angiogenesis.
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