Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders in children and adolescents: An international Delphi study‐Part 2‐Development of Axis II

• DOI: 10.1111/joor.13301
• Publication Date: 2021-12-24T15:24:30Z
• Authors: Roberto Rongo; EwaCarin Ekberg; Ing‐Marie Nilsson; Amal Al‐Khotani; Per Alstergren; Paulo Cesar Rodri...; Justin Durham; Jean‐Paul Goulet; Christian Hirsch; Stanimira I. Kala...; Flavia P. Kapos; Christopher D. King; Osamu Komiyama; Michail Koutris; Thomas List; Frank Lobbezoo; Richard Ohrbach; Tonya M. Palermo; Christopher C. Peck; Chris Penlington; Claudia Restrepo; Maria Joao Rodrigues; Sonia Sharma; Peter Svensson; Corine M. Visscher; Kerstin Wahlund; Ambrosina Michelotti
• Keywords: Adult; Sleep Wake Disorders; 0301 basic medicine; SYMPTOMS; Adolescent; Delphi Technique; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders/diagnosis; Pain; Anxiety/diagnosis; Anxiety; Young Adult; 03 medical and health sciences; ANXIETY; Humans; Child; VERSION; SCALE; TMD; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders; DEPRESSION; SLEEP; 3. Good health; RELIABILITY; MUSCULOSKELETAL; CHRONIC PAIN; Radboudumc 10: Reconstructive and regenerative medicine RIHS: Radboud Institute for Health Sciences

AbstractBackgroundUnlike the psychosocial assessment established for adults in the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD), a standardised psychosocial assessment for children and adolescents with TMD complaints has not yet been established.ObjectivesTo develop a new standardised instrument set to assess the psychosocial functioning in children and adolescents by adapting the psychosocial status and pain‐related disability (Axis II) of the adult DC/TMD and by including new instruments.MethodsA modified Delphi method was used to survey 23 international TMD experts and four international experts in pain‐related psychological factors for consensus regarding assessment tools for psychosocial functioning and pain‐related disability in children and adolescents. The TMD experts reviewed 29 Axis II statements at round 1, 13 at round 2 and 2 at round 3. Agreement was set at 80% for first‐round consensus level and 70% for each of the second and third rounds. The psychological experts completed a complementary Delphi survey to reach a consensus on tools to use to assess more complex psychological domains in children and adolescents. For the psychological experts, the first round included 10 open‐ended questions on preferred screening tools for depression, anxiety, catastrophising, sleep problems and stress in children (ages 6–9 years old) and adolescents (ages 10–19 years old) as well as on other domains suggested for investigation. In the second round, the psychological experts received a 9‐item questionnaire to prioritise the suggested instruments from most to least recommended.ResultsThe TMD experts, after three Delphi rounds, reached consensus on the changes of DC/TMD to create a form to evaluate Axis II in children and adolescents with TMD complaints. The psychological experts added tools to assess depression and anxiety, sleep disorders, catastrophising, stress and resilience.ConclusionThrough international expert consensus, this study adapted Axis II of the adult DC/TMD to assess psychosocial functioning and pain‐related disability in children and adolescents. The adapted Axis II protocols will be validated in the target populations.