Resilience trinity: safeguarding ecosystem functioning and services across three different time horizons and decision contexts

• DOI: 10.1111/oik.07213
• Publication Date: 2020-01-13T14:34:30Z
• Authors: Hanna Weise; Harald Auge; Cornelia Baessler; Ilona Bärlund; Elena M. Bennett; Uta Berger; Friedrich Bohn; Aletta Bonn; Dietrich Borchardt; Fridolin Brand; Antonis Chatzinotas; Ron Corstanje; Frederik De Laender; Peter Dietrich; Susanne Dunker; Walter Durka; Ioan Fazey; Jürgen Groeneveld; Camille S. E. Gui...; Hauke Harms; Stanley Harpole; Jim Harris; Kurt Jax; Florian Jeltsch; Karin Johst; Jasmin Joshi; Stefan Klotz; Ingolf Kühn; Christian Kuhlicke; Birgit Müller; Viktoriia Radchuk; Hauke Reuter; Karsten Rinke; Mechthild Schmitt...; Ralf Seppelt; Alexander Singer; Rachel J. Standish; Hans‐H. Thulke; Britta Tietjen; Markus Weitere; Christian Wirth; Christine Wolf; Volker Grimm
• Keywords: Resilience; Socio-ecological system; Safeguarding; Provisioning; Ecological resilience

Ensuring ecosystem resilience is an intuitive approach to safeguard the functioning of ecosystems and hence future provisioning services (ES). However, a multi‐faceted concept that difficult operationalize. Focusing on mechanisms, such as diversity, network architectures or adaptive capacity, has recently been suggested means operationalize resilience. Still, focus mechanisms not specific enough. We suggest conceptual framework, trinity, facilitate management based in three distinctive decision contexts time‐horizons: 1) reactive, when there imminent threat ES high pressure act, 2) adjustive, known general but still time adapt 3) provident, horizons are very long nature threats uncertain, leading low willingness act. Resilience different interpretations implications at these horizons, which also prevail disciplines. Social ecology, ecology engineering often implicitly focussing adjustive reactive resilience, respectively, notions their corresponding social, ecological economic tradeoffs need be reconciled. Otherwise, we keep risking unintended consequences actions, shying away from provident action because uncertainties cannot reduced. The trinity could help ensuring longer‐term actions missed while urgent given priority.