Imaging-guided deep tissue in vivo sound printing

• DOI: 10.1126/science.adt0293
• Publication Date: 2025-05-22T18:43:47Z
• Authors: Elham Davoodi; Jiahong Li; Xiaotian Ma; Alireza Hasani Na...; Jounghyun Yoo; Gengxi Lu; Ehsan Shirzaei Sani; Sunho Lee; Hossein Montazerian; Gwangmook Kim; Jason Williams; Jee Won Yang; Yushun Zeng; Lei S. Li; Zhiyang Jin; Behnam Sadri; Shervin S. Nia; Lihong V. Wang; Tzung K. Hsiai; Paul S. Weiss; Qifa Zhou; Ali Khademhosseini; Di Wu; Mikhail G. Shapiro; Wei Gao

Three-dimensional printing offers promise for patient-specific implants and therapies but is often limited by the need for invasive surgical procedures. To address this, we developed an imaging-guided deep tissue in vivo sound printing (DISP) platform. By incorporating cross-linking agent–loaded low-temperature–sensitive liposomes into bioinks, DISP enables precise, rapid, on-demand cross-linking of diverse functional biomaterials using focused ultrasound. Gas vesicle–based ultrasound imaging provides real-time monitoring and allows for customized pattern creation in live animals. We validated DISP by successfully printing near diseased areas in the mouse bladder and deep within rabbit leg muscles in vivo, demonstrating its potential for localized drug delivery and tissue replacement. DISP’s ability to print conductive, drug-loaded, cell-laden, and bioadhesive biomaterials demonstrates its versatility for diverse biomedical applications.