C 60 -based ionic salt electron shuttle for high-performance inverted perovskite solar modules

• DOI: 10.1126/science.adv4701
• Publication Date: 2025-04-17T17:59:31Z
• Authors: Shuai You; Hongwei Zhu; Zhongjin Shen; Xiaoming Wang; Bingyao Shao; Qingxiao Wang; Jianxun Lu; Youyou Yuan; Benjia Dak Dou; Erin M. Sanehira; Todd Russell; Adam Lorenz; Yifan Dong; Lei Chen; Marco Casareto; Nicholas Rolston; Matthew C. Beard; Joseph J. Berry; Marina Freitag; Yanfa Yan; Osman M. Bakr; Kai Zhu
• Keywords: Degradation

Although C 60 is usually the electron transport layer (ETL) in inverted perovskite solar cells, its molecular nature of leads to weak interfaces that lead non-ideal interfacial electronic and mechanical degradation. Here, we synthesized an ionic salt from , 4-(1',5′-dihydro-1'-methyl-2' H -[5,6] fullereno-C - I h -[1,9-c]pyrrol-2'-yl) phenylmethanaminium chloride (CPMAC), used it as shuttle PSCs. The CH 2 -NH 3 + head group CPMA cation improved ETL interface enhanced packing, leading ~3-fold increase toughness compared . Using CPMAC, obtained ~26% power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) with ~2% degradation after 2,100 hours 1-sun operation at 65°C. For minimodules (four subcells, 6 centimeters square), achieved PCE ~23% <9% 2,200 55°C.