Detection of Noroviruses in Tap Water in Japan by Means of a New Method for Concentrating Enteric Viruses in Large Volumes of Freshwater
0301 basic medicine
0303 health sciences
Base Sequence
Micropore Filters
Norovirus
Fresh Water
Polymerase Chain Reaction
6. Clean water
3. Good health
Poliovirus
03 medical and health sciences
Japan
Water Supply
Cations
Virology
Humans
RNA, Viral
Adsorption
DNA Primers
DOI:
10.1128/aem.70.4.2154-2160.2004
Publication Date:
2004-04-05T18:18:06Z
AUTHORS (3)
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
A virus concentration method using a cation-coated filter was developed for large-volume freshwater applications. Poliovirus type 1 (LSc 2ab Sabin strain) inoculated into 40 ml of MilliQ (ultrapure) water was adsorbed effectively to a negatively charged filter (Millipore HA, 0.45-μm pore size) coated with aluminum ions, 99% (range, 81 to 114%) of which were recovered by elution with 1.0 mM NaOH (pH 10.8) following an acid rinse with 0.5 mM H
2
SO
4
(pH 3.0). More than 80% poliovirus recovery yields were obtained from 500-ml, 1,000-ml, and 10-liter MilliQ water samples and from tap water samples. This method, followed by TaqMan PCR detection, was applied to determine the presence of noroviruses in tap water in Tokyo, Japan. In a 14-month survey, 4 (4.1%) and 7 (7.1%) of 98 tap water samples (100 to 532 liters) contained a detectable amount of noroviruses of genotype 1 and genotype 2, respectively. This method was proved to be useful for surveying the occurrence of enteric viruses, including noroviruses, in large volumes of freshwater.
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