Prognostic Significance of Baseline Serum Sodium in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction

• DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.007529
• Publication Date: 2018-06-13T09:15:22Z
• Authors: Yash R. Patel; Katherine E. Kurg...; Tasnim F. Imran; Ariela R. Orkaby; Robert R. McLean; Yuk‐Lam Ho; Kelly Cho; J. Michael Gaziano; Luc Djousse; David R. Gagnon; Jacob Joseph
• Keywords: Male; Time Factors; hyponatremia; Databases, Factual; heart failure; Risk Assessment; Ventricular Function, Left; 03 medical and health sciences; 0302 clinical medicine; Risk Factors; Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system; Humans; Original Research; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Heart Failure; Sodium; Stroke Volume; Middle Aged; preserved left ventricular function; Prognosis; mortality; United States; 3. Good health; Hospitalization; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; RC666-701; Female; Biomarkers; hospitalization

Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between serum sodium at the time of diagnosis and long term clinical outcomes in a large national cohort of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Methods and Results

We studied 25 440 patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction treated at Veterans Affairs medical centers across the United States between 2002 and 2012. Serum sodium at the time of heart failure diagnosis was analyzed as a continuous variable and in categories as follows: low (115.00–134.99 mmol/L), low‐normal (135.00–137.99 mmol/L), referent group (138.00–140.99 mmol/L), high normal (141.00–143.99 mmol/L), and high (144.00–160.00 mmol/L). Multivariable Cox regression and negative binomial regression were performed to estimate hazard ratios (95% confidence interval [CI]) and incidence density ratios (95% CI ) for the associations of serum sodium with mortality and hospitalizations (heart failure and all‐cause), respectively. The average age of patients was 70.8 years, 96.2% were male, and 14% were black. Compared with the referent group, low, low‐normal, and high sodium values were associated with 36% (95% CI , 28%–44%), 6% (95% CI, 1%–12%), and 9% (95% CI, 1%–17%) higher risk of all‐cause mortality, respectively. Low and low‐normal serum sodium were associated with 48% (95% CI , 10%–100%) and 38% (95% CI, 8%–77%) higher risk of number of days of heart failure hospitalizations per year, and with 44% (95% CI , 32%–56%) and 18% (95% CI, 10%–27%) higher risk of number of days of all‐cause hospitalizations per year, respectively.

Conclusions Both elevated and reduced serum sodium, including values currently considered within normal range, are associated with adverse outcomes in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.