Hunting for Gamma Rays above Thunderstorms: The ALOFT Campaign

• DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-24-0060.1
• Publication Date: 2025-05-06T16:39:25Z
• Authors: Timothy J. Lang; Nikolai Østgaard; Martino Marisaldi; Mason G. Quick; Christopher J. Sc...; Ian Adams; Corey G. Amiot; Phillip Bitzer; Richard J. Blakeslee; Robert G. Brown; Kelly Carmer; Hugh Christian; Austin Clark; Morris Cohen; Steven Cummer; Martin Füllekrug; J. Eric Grove; Sebastian Harkema; Gerald Heymsfield; Paul Krehbiel; Rachael Kroodsma; Randall Longenbaugh; Douglas Mach; Matthew Walker Mc...; Andrey Mezentsev; Joan Montanyà; Marni Pazos; David Sarria; Daniel Shy; Mark A. Stanley; Ronald Thomas; T. Daniel Walker; Camilo Younes

Abstract An internationally collaborative airborne campaign in July 2023 – led by the University of Bergen (Norway) and NASA, with contributions from many other institutions – discovered that thunderstorms near Florida and Central America produce gamma rays far more frequently than previously thought. The campaign was called Airborne Lightning Observatory for Fly’s Eye Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) Simulator (FEGS) and Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs), which shortens to ALOFT. The campaign employed a unique sampling strategy with NASA’s high-altitude ER-2 aircraft, equipped with gamma-ray and lightning sensors, flying near ground-based lightning sensors. Realtime updates from instruments, downlinked to mission scientists on the ground, enabled immediate return to thunderstorm cells found to be producing gamma rays. This maximized the observations of radiation created by strong electric fields in clouds, and showed how gamma-ray production may be physically linked to thunderstorm lifecycle. ALOFT also sampled storms entirely within the stereo-viewing region of the GLM instruments on GOES-16/18 and performed multiple underflights of the International Space Station Lightning Imaging Sensor (ISS LIS), while using an upgraded FEGS instrument that demonstrated the operational value of observing multiple wavelengths (including ultraviolet) with future spaceborne lightning mappers. In addition, a robust complement of airborne active and passive microwave sensors – including X- and W-band Doppler radars, as well as radiometers spanning 10-684 GHz – sampled some of the most intense convection ever overflown by the ER-2. These observations will benefit planned convection-focused NASA spaceborne missions. ALOFT is an exemplar of a high-risk, high-reward field campaign that achieved results far beyond original expectations.