The Israel 4 Cloud Seeding Experiment: Primary Results

• DOI: 10.1175/jamc-d-22-0077.1
• Publication Date: 2023-01-04T21:23:46Z
• Authors: Yoav Benjamini; Amir Givati; Pavel Khain; Yoav Levi; Daniel Rosenfeld; Uri Shamir; Ayal Siegel; Assaf Zipori; Baruch Ziv; David M. Steinberg
• Keywords: 13. Climate action; 0207 environmental engineering; 02 engineering and technology; 6. Clean water

Abstract After 38 years of operational cloud seeding for rain enhancement in northern Israel, the Israel 4 experiment was conducted to reassess its effect on rainfall and provide a basis to evaluate its utility. Operational seeding started after two randomized experiments, the second ending in 1976, found a large and statistically significant effect of cloud seeding on rainfall. Observational studies in later years raised doubts as to the magnitude of the effect, possibly because of changing climatological conditions. A carefully designed randomized experiment was conducted from 2013 to 2020. A unique feature of the design was the use of forecast rainfall on target, rather than rainfall in an unaffected area, as a control variate to attenuate variability. The Israel 4 experiment was stopped a year earlier than planned, because the result was disappointing: a 1.8% increase, p value = 0.4, and 95% confidence interval of (−11%, 16%). These results led to a decision by the Israel Water Authority to stop operational seeding.

Significance Statement The recent cloud seeding experiment in northern Israel did not show a significant rainfall increase—unlike the sequence of seeding experiments conducted in Israel in the previous century.