An Ultra-Brief Screening Scale for Anxiety and Depression: The PHQ-4

• DOI: 10.1176/appi.psy.50.6.613
• Publication Date: 2009-12-08T14:24:22Z
• Authors: K. Kroenke; R. L. Spitzer; J. B.W. Williams; B. Lowe
• Keywords: Adult; Male; Self Disclosure; Adolescent; Comorbidity; 03 medical and health sciences; 0302 clinical medicine; Surveys and Questionnaires; Interview, Psychological; Prevalence; Humans; Mass Screening; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Depressive Disorder; Reproducibility of Results; Middle Aged; Anxiety Disorders; 3. Good health; Mental Health; Quality of Life; Female; Factor Analysis, Statistical

The most common mental disorders in both outpatient settings and the general population are depression and anxiety, which frequently coexist. Both of these disorders are associated with considerable disability.When the disorders co-occur, the disability is even greater. Authors sought to test an ultra-brief screening tool for both.Validated two-item ultra-brief screeners for depression and anxiety were combined to constitute the Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety (the PHQ-4). Data were analyzed from 2,149 patients drawn from 15 primary-care clinics in the United States.Factor analysis confirmed two discrete factors (Depression and Anxiety) that explained 84% of the total variance. Increasing PHQ-4 scores were strongly associated with functional impairment, disability days, and healthcare use. Anxiety had a substantial effect on functional status that was independent of depression.The PHQ-4 is a valid ultra-brief tool for detecting both anxiety and depressive disorders.