Sex chromosomes drive gene expression and regulatory dimorphisms in mouse embryonic stem cells

• DOI: 10.1186/s13293-017-0150-x
• Publication Date: 2017-08-17T11:53:27Z
• Authors: Rachael J. Werner; Bryant M. Schultz; Jacklyn M. Huhn; Jaroslav Jelinek; Jozef Madzo; Nora Engel
• Keywords: Male; 0301 basic medicine; Embryonic stem cells; Epigenetic enzymes; Physiology; Gene Expression; Cell Line; 03 medical and health sciences; Transcription factors; QP1-981; Animals; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Embryonic Stem Cells; Sex Characteristics; Sex Chromosomes; Research; R; Sex chromosomes; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; RNA-Binding Proteins; DNA-Binding Proteins; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Genetic Loci; Medicine; RNA; Female; Transcriptome; Transcription Factors

Pre-implantation embryos exhibit sexual dimorphisms in both primates and rodents. To determine whether these differences reflected sex-biased expression patterns, we generated transcriptome profiles for six 40,XX, 40,XY, two 39,X mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells by RNA sequencing.We found hundreds of coding non-coding RNAs that were differentially expressed between male female cells. Surprisingly, the majority autosomal included encoding transcription epigenetic chromatin remodeling factors. We showed differential Prdm14-responsive enhancer activity cells, correlating with sex-specific levels Prdm14 expression. This is first time ES has been reported. Evaluation X-linked gene patterns our XX XY lines revealed four distinct categories: (1) genes showing 2-fold greater cells; (2) a set well above (3) equivalent strikingly, (4) small number higher lines. Further evaluation imprinted loci, despite appropriate parent-of-origin patterns. The aligned closely provided insights into potential regulation associated Turner syndrome humans. Moreover, inclusion permitted three-way comparisons, delineating X Y chromosome-dependent patterns.Overall, results support role sex chromosomes establishing networks early development provide effects chromosome aneuploidies originating at those stages.