Assessment of AI ethical reflection: the development and validation of the AI ethical reflection scale (AIERS) for university students

• DOI: 10.1186/s41239-025-00519-z
• Publication Date: 2025-03-30T22:02:25Z
• Authors: Ziying Wang; Ching-Sing Chai; Jiajing Li; Vivian Wing Yan Lee
• Keywords: Reflection

Abstract This study developed and validated the AI Ethical Reflection Scale (AIERS), a tool for measuring university students’ ethical reflection on in three dimensions: awareness, critical evaluation, social good. used sample of 730 students, confirmatory factor analysis supported three-dimensional structure AIERS, which demonstrated good internal consistency construct validity. Additionally, we found evidence convergent discriminant validity, as was positively yet modestly correlated with literacy, indicating that is related distinct from literacy. The also explored differences based gender, academic discipline, prior experience. results revealed female students exhibited higher awareness than male students. Furthermore, frequent users reported significantly greater across all dimensions those who less frequently or had never it. However, no significant were between Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM) non-STEM Collectively, these findings emphasize importance integrating considerations hands-on experiences diverse perspectives gender education disciplines to promote responsible use among