Demographic risk factors for extra-pulmonary tuberculosis among adolescents and adults in Saudi Arabia

• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213846
• Publication Date: 2019-03-27T20:47:37Z
• Authors: Hawra Al-Ghafli; Bright Varghese; Mushira Enani; Abdulrahman Alrajhi; Sameera Al Johani; Ali Albarrak; Sahar Althawadi; Noura Elkizzi; Sahal Al Hajoj
• Keywords: Adult; Central Nervous System; Male; Adolescent; Science; Saudi Arabia; Young Adult; 03 medical and health sciences; Sex Factors; 0302 clinical medicine; Risk Factors; Odds Ratio; Humans; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Aged; Demography; Q; R; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Middle Aged; 3. Good health; Gastrointestinal Tract; Cross-Sectional Studies; Multivariate Analysis; Medicine; Female; Lymph Nodes; Research Article

Despite low infectious potential of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB), it poses significant clinical challenges in terms of diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Understanding the main demographical risk factors for disease characteristics of EPTB plays a crucial role in speeding up diagnosis process and improving overall clinical experience. The aim of this study was to investigate the main demographical and clinical risk factors for EPTB among adults and adolescents for the first time in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional multicenter study was carried out on a collection of 902 extrapulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) isolates with demographical and clinical data. All isolates were subjected to spoligotyping and 24-loci based MIRU-VNTR typing. The association between two potential variables was assessed using odd ratios (OR) calculations. Independent risk factors for EPTB and diseases characteristics of EPTB were identified using multivariate regression model analyses. Gender was found to be significantly associated with lymph node, gastrointestinal, central nervous system and urogenital TB. Lymph node TB showed statistical association to age group below 25 years, non-Saudis and South East Asian ethnicity. While gastrointestinal TB demonstrated an association with patients above 60 years old, and Saudis. Multivariate analysis showed that gender is an independent risk factor to urogenital TB (p 0.03) and lymph node TB (p 0.005). On the other hands, South Asian (p 0.01) and South East Asian (p 0.03) ethnicities were both identified as independent risk factors significantly associated with EPTB. MTBC lineages, site of infections, gender, HIV and smear positivity showed no significant association. Nationwide qualitative-studies are highly warranted in the future to further understand the main demographic risk factors for disease characteristics of EPTB.