Reliability and performance of the IRRAflow® system for intracranial lavage and evacuation of hematomas—A technical note

• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297131
• Publication Date: 2024-04-16T18:20:10Z
• Authors: Mette Haldrup; Mojtaba Nazari; Chenghao Gu; Mads Rasmussen; Stig Dyrskog; Claus Ziegler Sim...; Mads Grønhøj; Frantz Rom Poulsen; Naveed Ur Rehman; Anders Rosendal K...
• Keywords: Hematoma; Cerebral Hemorrhage/therapy; Intracranial Pressure; Science; Q; R; Reproducibility of Results; Medicine; Humans; Therapeutic Irrigation; Intracranial Pressure/physiology; Research Article; Monitoring, Physiologic; Cerebral Hemorrhage

Background Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a severe condition with poor outcomes and high mortality. IRRAflow® (IRRAS AB) is a new technology introduced to accelerate IVH clearance by minimally invasive wash-out. The IRRAflow® system performs active and controlled intracranial irrigation and aspiration with physiological saline, while simultaneously monitoring and maintaining a stable intracranial pressure (ICP). We addressed important aspects of the device implementation and intracranial lavage.

Method To allow versatile investigation of multiple device parameters, we designed an ex vivo lab setup. We evaluated 1) compatibility between the IRRAflow® catheter and the Silverline f10 bolt (Spiegelberg), 2) the physiological and hydrodynamic effects of varying the IRRAflow® settings, 3) the accuracy of the IRRAflow® injection volumes, and 4) the reliability of the internal ICP monitor of the IRRAflow®.

Results The IRRAflow® catheter was not compatible with Silverline bolt fixation, which was associated with leakage and obstruction. Design space exploration of IRRAflow® settings revealed that appropriate settings included irrigation rate 20 ml/h with a drainage bag height at 0 cm, irrigation rate 90 ml/h with a drainage bag height at 19 cm and irrigation rate 180 ml/h with a drainage bag height at 29 cm. We found the injection volume performed by the IRRAflow® to be stable and reliable, while the internal ICP monitor was compromised in several ways. We observed a significant mean drift difference of 3.16 mmHg (variance 0.4, p = 0.05) over a 24-hour test period with a mean 24-hour drift of 3.66 mmHg (variance 0.28) in the pressures measured by the IRRAflow® compared to 0.5 mmHg (variance 1.12) in the Raumedic measured pressures.

Conclusion Bolting of the IRRAflow® catheter using the Medtronic Silverline® bolt is not recommendable. Increased irrigation rates are recommendable followed by a decrease in drainage bag level. ICP measurement using the IRRAflow® device was unreliable and should be accompanied by a control ICP monitor device in clinical settings.