Neutrophils expressing major histocompatibility complex class II molecules circulate in blood and milk during mastitis and show high microbicidal activity

• DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22728
• Publication Date: 2023-04-18T19:31:35Z
• Authors: Marion Rambault; Florence B. Gilbert; Philippe Roussel; Alexia Tessier; Valérie David; Pierre Germon; Nathalie Winter; Aude Remot
• Keywords: [SDV.IMM] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology; Neutrophils; 610; Cattle Diseases; Cell Count; mastitis; bactericidal response; Major Histocompatibility Complex; SF221-250; Mammary Glands, Animal; neutrophils; 616; Animals; Mastitis, Bovine; major histocompatibility complex class II; Inflammation; [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health; [SDV.BA.MVSA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health; SF250.5-275; 3. Good health; Dairying; Milk; [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology; Cattle; Female; Dairy processing. Dairy products

Bovine mastitis is mainly caused by bacterial infection and is responsible for important economic losses as well as alterations of the health and welfare of animals. The increase in somatic cell count (SCC) in milk during mastitis is mainly due to the influx of neutrophils, which have a crucial role in the elimination of pathogens. For a long time, these first-line defenders have been viewed as microbe killers, with a limited role in the orchestration of the immune response. However, their role is more complex: we recently characterized a bovine neutrophil subset expressing major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules (MHC-IIpos), usually distributed on antigen-presenting cells, as having regulatory capacities in cattle. In this study, our objective was to evaluate the implication of different neutrophils subsets in the mammary gland immunity during clinical and subclinical mastitis. Using flow cytometry, we analyzed the presence of MHC-IIpos neutrophils in blood and in milk during clinical mastitis at different time points of inflammation (n = 10 infected quarters) and during subclinical mastitis, defined as the presence of bacteria and an SCC >150,000 cells/mL (n = 27 infected quarters). Our results show, for the first time, that in blood and milk, neutrophils are a heterogeneous population and encompass at least 2 subsets distinguishable by their expression of MHC-II. In milk without mastitis, we observed higher production of reactive oxygen species and higher phagocytosis capacity of MHC-IIpos neutrophils compared with their MHC-IIneg counterparts, indicating the high bactericidal capacities of MHC-IIpos neutrophils. MHC-IIpos neutrophils are enriched in milk compared with blood during subclinical mastitis but not during clinical mastitis. Moreover, we observed a positive and highly significant correlation between MHC-IIpos neutrophils and T lymphocytes present in milk during subclinical mastitis. Our experiments involved a total of 47 cows (40 Holstein and 7 Normande cows). To conclude, our study opens the way to the discovery of new biomarkers of mastitis inflammation.