When nature needs a helping hand: Different levels of human intervention for mangrove (re-)establishment

• DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2022.784322
• Publication Date: 2022-08-09T04:30:06Z
• Authors: Martin Zimmer; Gordon N. Ajonina; A. Aldrie Amir; Simon M. Cragg; Stephen Crooks; Farid Dahdouh-Guebas; Norman C. Duke; Sara Fratini; Daniel A. Friess; Véronique Helfer; Mark Huxham; Kandasamy Kathiresan; K. A. Sunanda Kod...; Nico Koedam; Shing Yip Lee; Mwita M. Mangora; Jurgenne Primavera; Behara Satyanarayana; Jean Wan Hong Yong; Dominic Wodehouse
• Keywords: 0106 biological sciences; Abiotic component; restoration; Social Sciences; Intertidal zone; Marine and estuarine ecology (incl. marine ichthyology); 01 natural sciences; stakeholder-engagement; mangrove forest, restoration, rehabilitation, afforestation, Ecosystem Design, reforestation, ecosystem services, stakeholder-engagement; Molecular Systematics of Gesneriaceae and Allies; Environmental science; rehabilitation; conservation priorities; Importance of Mangrove Ecosystems in Coastal Protection; afforestation; Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology; GE1-350; Agroforestry; Mangrove; Environmental resource management; reforestation; Molecular Biology; Biology; mangrove forest; Ecosystem Design; Demography; Multidisciplinary Research in Indonesia; Ecology; Geography; Life Sciences; Généralités; Forestry; SD1-669.5; 15. Life on land; Forestry sciences; FOS: Sociology; Environmental sciences; Habitat; FOS: Biological sciences; Environmental Science; Physical Sciences; ecosystem services

Protecting existing mangrove forests is a priority for global conservation because of the wide range services that these coastal provide to humankind. Despite recent reduction in rates loss, high historical loss mean there are at least 800,000 ha globally potentially suitable re-establishment. Recently deposited mud banks or intertidal, previously terrestrial, land might additional habitat expanding areas locally. There long history rehabilitation. However, despite numerous good examples of, and growing expertise in, natural assisted (re-)establishment activities, most planting efforts, instance, either fail entirely meet with only limited success. Exposed waves currents subject tidal inundation, mangroves differ from terrestrial forests, approaches to, tools for, forest restoration cannot easily be transferred forests. Successful usually requires robust understanding abiotic biotic conditions chosen site, ecological requirements species used facilitated, reasons previous degradation, as well barriers–both societal ecological–that have prevented recovery date. Because socio-ecological systems, which local human populations intimately engaged, will normally require support engagement with, communities other stakeholders. Here, we summarize where, when why needed how assess this need. We discuss potential aims goals along pitfalls way conceiving initial idea its realization. compare different technical conceptual (re-)establishment, their challenges opportunities, design financial requirements, solutions. ground our final outlook recommendations on successful efforts factors rendered past.