Systemic and local immunosuppression in glioblastoma and its prognostic significance

• DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1326753
• Publication Date: 2024-02-28T04:34:36Z
• Authors: Aleksei A. Stepan...; Anastasiia O. Sos...; Marat P. Valikhov; Anastasia A. Cher...; Olga V. Abramova; Konstantin A. Pavlov; Vladimir P. Chekh...
• Keywords: Immunosuppression

The effectiveness of tumor therapy, especially immunotherapy and oncolytic virotherapy, critically depends on the activity host immune cells. However, various local systemic mechanisms immunosuppression operate in cancer patients. Tumor-associated involves deregulation many components immunity, including a decrease number T lymphocytes (lymphopenia), an increase levels or ratios circulating tumor-infiltrating immunosuppressive subsets [e.g., macrophages, microglia, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), regulatory (Tregs)], as well defective functions antigen-presenting, helper effector cell due to altered expression soluble membrane proteins (receptors, costimulatory molecules, cytokines). In this review, we specifically focus data from patients with glioblastoma/glioma before standard chemoradiotherapy. We discuss glioblastoma-related at baseline prognostic significance different (lymphocytes, CD4+ CD8+ cells, Tregs, natural killer (NK) neutrophils, MDSCs, dendritic cells), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), landscape isocitrate dehydrogenase ( IDH )-mutant gliomas, proneural, classical mesenchymal molecular subtypes, highlight features surveillance brain. All attempts identify reliable marker glioblastoma tissue have led contradictory results, which can be explained, among other things, by unprecedented level spatial heterogeneity infiltrate significant phenotypic diversity (dys)functional states subpopulations. High NLR is one most repeatedly confirmed independent factors for shorter overall survival carcinoma, its combination markers response inflammation significantly improves accuracy prediction; however, more prospective studies are needed confirm prognostic/predictive power NLR. call inclusion dynamic assessment blood inflammatory (e.g., absolute/total lymphocyte count, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte-to-monocyte immune-inflammation index, index) all neuro-oncology rigorous evaluation comparison their individual combinatorial relative superiority.