Neither too much nor too little: mitochondrial calcium concentration as a balance between physiological and pathological conditions

• DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1336416
• Publication Date: 2023-12-12T15:12:04Z
• Authors: Donato D’Angelo; Denis Vecellio Reane; Anna Raffaello
• Keywords: Uniporter; Homeostasis; Calcium Signaling; Second messenger system

Ca 2+ ions serve as pleiotropic second messengers in the cell, regulating several cellular processes. Mitochondria play a fundamental role homeostasis since mitochondrial (mitCa ) is key regulator of oxidative metabolism and cell death. MitCa uptake mediated by uniporter complex (MCUc) localized inner membrane (IMM). stimulates activity three enzymes Krebs cycle, thereby modulating ATP production promoting metabolism. As Paracelsus stated, “Dosis sola facit venenum,”in pathological conditions, mitCa overload triggers opening permeability transition pore (mPTP), enabling release apoptotic factors ultimately leading to Excessive accumulation also associated with increase reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this article, we review precise regulation effectors physiopathological