Management of jellyfish outbreaks to achieve good environmental status

• DOI: 10.3389/focsu.2024.1449190
• Publication Date: 2024-09-25T12:31:52Z
• Authors: Yolanda Sagarminaga; Stefano Piraino; Christopher P. Lynam; Valentina Leoni; Athanasios Nikolaou; Cornelia Jaspers; Mar Bosch-Belmar; Lara M. Fumarola; Ángel Borja; Emanuela Spada; Eva Amorim; Patrizia Borrello; Roberta de Angelis; Antonella Leone; Natalia Montero; Luis Ferrer; Matthew M. Holland; Thomas K. Doyle; George Tsirtsis; Stelios Katsanevakis
• Keywords: Cnidaria; monitoring; Ctenophora; pelagic tunicates; impact; ecosystem based management approach (EBMA)

Jellyfish and gelatinous zooplankton (GZ) in general, fulfill important ecological roles with significant impacts, although they are often oversimplified or misunderstood. This paper reviews the pressures, monitoring methods current management strategies for various GZ groups. It also introduces potentially applicable indicators their assessment ecosystem-based approaches, such as European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). multi-faceted review is primarily envisioned to serve a state-of-the-art document scientists policymakers foster holistic of across regional seas. The systematic on global impacts shows notable increase number studies since early 2000s. Stings were main cause human health impacts. Mechanisms that impact biodiversity included direct predation, modification trophic flows competition resources. Several taxa may be beneficial acting biological regulators provide societal ecosystem services food provision medical applications. techniques outlined variety methods, nets (the most common technique), continuous plankton recorder (CPR), polyp jelly-fall monitoring, acoustic remote aerial underwater imaging, molecular citizen science. Furthermore, several currently employed enumerated, including use anti-jelly nets, bubble curtains, chemical compounds, introduction predators. study highlights pressing need enhanced GZ-dedicated assessment, anticipatory populations address future crises more effectively cost-efficiently. Moreover, exploring unveils opportunities harness marine resources while mitigating adverse effects, thereby supporting sustainable blue economies.