Interplay of silymarin and clove fruit extract effectively enhances cadmium stress tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum)

• DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1144319
• Publication Date: 2023-04-14T05:39:25Z
• Authors: Ahmed H. El-Sappah; Mohamed A. S. Met...; Mostafa M. Rady; Hayssam M. Ali; Linghui Wang; Pulak Maitra; Muhammad Ihtisham; Kuan Yan; Xin Zhao; Jia Li; El-Sayed M. Desoky
• Keywords: Stomatal Conductance; Dry weight

Introduction Osmoprotectant supplementation can be used as a useful approach to enhance plant stress tolerance. However, the effect of silymarin and clove fruit extract (CFE) on wheat plants grown under cadmium (Cd) has not been studied. Methods Wheat seeds were planted in plastic pots filled with ions-free sand. A ½-strength Hoagland’s nutrient solution was for irrigation. Pots treated eight treatments thirteen days after sowing: 1) Control, 2) 0.5 mM foliar application [silymarin], 3) 2% CFE [CFE], 4) enriched (0.24 g L-1 CFE) [CFE-silymarin], 5) Watering seedlings nutritious 2 Cd [Cd]. 6) Cadmium + silymarin, 7) CFE, 8) CFE-silymarin. The experimental design completely randomized nine replicates. Results discussion decreased grain yield, shoot dry weight, leaf area, carotenoids, chlorophylls, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration membrane stability index, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content by 66.9, 60.6, 56.7, 23.8, 33.5, 48.1, 41.2, 48.7, 42.5, 24.1, 39.9, 24.1%, respectively. On other hand, an Application or CEF-silymarin stress, significantly improved all investigated biochemical, morphological, physiological variables enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities. Applying and/or tolerance more efficiently. Our findings suggest using CFE-silymarin meaningful biostimulator increase plants’ via enhancing various metabolic processes.