Head and face anthropometric study for respirators in the multi-ethnic Asian population of Malaysia

• DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.972249
• Publication Date: 2022-08-26T07:52:18Z
• Authors: Yin Cheng Lim; Ameerah Su'ad Abd...; Nadia Mohamad; Muhammad Alfatih ...; Rohaida Ismail; Zhuo Lin Chong; Mohd Hatta Abdul ...; Mohd Azahadi Omar; Mahmoud Danaee; Guo Tung Wan; Rafiza Shaharudin
• Keywords: Male; Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine; Population; Health Professions; R Medicine; craniofacial; 310; facial size; Speech and Hearing; 03 medical and health sciences; 0302 clinical medicine; Sociology; Health Sciences; Ethnicity; Pathology; Humans; respirators sizing; Respiratory Protective Devices; Internal medicine; Body mass index; Cross-sectional study; Demography; Ventilators, Mechanical; Airborne Transmission of Respiratory Viruses; Anthropometry; Ethnic group; Malaysia; Stratified sampling; respiratory fits test; Equipment Design; 16. Peace & justice; United States; Ventilation; FOS: Sociology; Cross-Sectional Studies; Environmental health; Face; Anthropology; face dimensions; Medicine; Female; Public Health; Public aspects of medicine; RA1-1270; Gerontology; bivariate; Effects of Noise Pollution on Health and Well-being

BackgroundExisting anthropometric studies for respirator designs are based on the head and facial dimensions of Americans and Chinese nationals, with no studies for multi-ethnic countries like Malaysia. This study aimed to create head and facial morphological database for Malaysia, specifically to identify morphological differences between genders, ethnicities, and birthplaces, as well as predictors of the dimensions.DesignA cross-sectional study.SettingMalaysia.ParticipantsA nation-wide cross-sectional study using a complex survey design with two stage-stratified random sampling was conducted among 3,324 participants, aged 18 years and above who were also participants of the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2020.Primary and secondary outcomesThe study collected data on sociodemographic, measurement of Body Mass Index (BMI) and 10 head and facial dimensions (3 dimensions were measured using direct measurement, and 7 others using Digimizer software for 2-dimension images). Linear regression was performed to determine the association between gender, ethnicity, birthplace, age and BMI and the dimensions.ResultsThere were significant differences in all the dimensions between sex, birthplace and ethnicity (p < 0.005). Further analysis using linear regression showed sex, ethnicity, birthplace, age and BMI were significant predictors of the dimensions. In comparison to studies from the United States and China, our study population had a wider interpupillary distance and nose breadth for both male and female participants, but smaller bigonial breadth and smaller minimal frontal breadth.ConclusionThese findings could assist in the design and sizing of respirators that will fit Malaysians and possibly other Southeast Asian population.