Comprehensive analysis of methods for estimating actual paddy evapotranspiration—A review

• DOI: 10.3389/frwa.2025.1553732
• Publication Date: 2025-03-04T07:09:25Z
• Authors: Kiran Bala Behura; Sanjay Kumar Raul; Jagadish Chandra ...; Sheelabhadra Mohanty; Prachi Pratyasha ...; Sanat Kumar Dwibedi; Subhankar Ghosh; Laishram Kanta Singh; Sougrakpam Roma Devi; Arun Kumar Singha; Amulya Kumar Mohanty

Evapotranspiration (ET) has considerable significance in the water cycle, especially farming areas where it determines crop needs, irrigation plans, and sustainable management of resources. This study stresses need for accurate ET estimation paddy fields rice is grown because its high-water sensitivity consumption which implications use efficiency food security. The attempts to address problem by estimating ET: Standard procedures such as Penman–Monteith equation, lysimeters, even remote sensing Surface Energy Balance Algorithm Land (SEBAL) Mapping at High Resolution with Internalized Calibration (METRIC) are all investigated. Furthermore, an attempt made combine data machine learning techniques refined estimation. Utilizing modernized technologies hybrid models, research investigation aims deepen understanding variability cropping systems promote improved resources agriculture practices future work suggest application vegetation indices incorporating high-resolution multi-spectral imagery accurately estimate appropriately differentiate between evaporation transpiration these complex agricultural systems.