Exact Equations for the Back and Effective Focal Lengths of a Plano-Concave Thick Lens

• DOI: 10.3390/opt5040034
• Publication Date: 2024-11-12T13:12:39Z
• Authors: Víctor M. Durán-R...; Jesús Muñoz-Maciel; Francisco J. Casi...; Miguel Mora-Gonzalez; Francisco G. Peña...
• Keywords: geometrical optics; QC350-467; Optics. Light; optical components; 01 natural sciences; TA1501-1820; focal lengths; 0103 physical sciences; meridional rays; paraxial rays; Applied optics. Photonics; plano-concave thick lens

In this work, we present the exact equations for back and effective focal lengths of a plano-concave thick lens. These are derived through detailed ray-tracing approach, calculating meridional ray’s path parallel to optical axis while taking into account lens thickness, refractive index, surface curvature. Our analysis bridges gap between paraxial approximations ray behavior, highlighting how traditional models (e.g., thin-lens equations) can be extended lenses. Additionally, review recent advancements in negative refraction phase manipulation techniques demonstrate our compare modern numerical methods metacoating-enhanced designs. This work provides comprehensive framework understanding properties lenses, offering new insights their application precision optics.