Ecological system with fear induced group defence and prey refuge

• DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2302.04594
• Publication Date: 2023-01-01
• Authors: Jai Prakash Tripathi; Shivam Yadav; Shrichand Bhuria; Satish Kumar Tiwari; Deepak Tripathi; Vijay Pal Bajiya; Vandana Tiwari; Ranjit Kumar Upad...
• Keywords: Extinction (optical mineralogy)

In this study, we investigate the dynamics of a spatial and non prey-predator interaction model that includes following: (i) fear effect incorporated in prey birth rate; (ii) group defence against predators; (iii) refuge. We provide comprehensive mathematical analysis extinction persistence scenarios for both predator species. To better explore system, thorough investigation bifurcation has been performed using level, rate, death rate caused by intra-prey competition as parameter. All potential occurrences bi-stability have also investigated some relevant sets parametric values. Our numerical evaluations show high levels can stabilize system ruling out possibility periodic solutions. Also, our Hopf is subcritical contrast to traditional models, which ignore cost supercritical bifurcations general. general trend, species go extinct at higher values rates. found that, contrary typical tendency extinct, populations may coexist level grows noticeably. The stability Turing instability associated analytically. perform simulation observe different parameters on density distribution Different types spatiotemporal patterns like spot, mixture spots stripes observed via variation time evolution, diffusion coefficient population, factor parameter (k) great impact system.