Optimization of the Size and Distribution of Phase Change Material (PCM) in Firefighters’ Turnout Gear

• DOI: 10.54941/ahfe1005792
• Publication Date: 2024-11-07T23:44:08Z
• Authors: Susan Xu; Jonisha Pollard; Weihuan Zhao
• Keywords: Turnout; Phase-change material; Phase-change memory

In 2022, approximately 65,650 firefighter injuries were recorded on duty, marking an 8% rise from the 2021 tally of 60,750 [1]. The majority these took place during fireground operations, with burns and thermal stress accounting for about 15% such incidents Given this problem,a pressing need exists to advance turnout gear technology better protection firefighters. Our proposal involves integrating phase change material (PCM) into firefighters' enhance its protective capabilities through utilizing large amounts latent heat fusion. study numerical simulations, serving as a guide future experimental designs testing protocols streamline efforts time investment. Notably, existing investigations fire clothing predominantly employ one-dimensional (1D) models [2], lacking comprehensive three-dimensional (3D) gear-equipped human model assess overall performance body. Therefore, our represents pioneering effort, being first 3D analysis aimed at determining optimal dimensions PCM strategically placing segments within maximize coverage while minimizing quantity required. MethodsWe conducted transfer simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics (COMSOL, Inc., Burlington, MA 01803, USA). To accommodate movements activities in scenes, was divided multiple covering main body avoiding joints maintain movement activities. bioheat module utilized body's regulation. equivalent capacity method employed simulate process. Adhering guidelines National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 1971), Standard Protective Ensembles Structural Fighting Proximity [3], fluxes 83 kW/m2 8.3 applied outer surface replicate flashover hazardous conditions, respectively [4]. These represented radiant/convective sources scenarios. Utilizing 3.0-mm-thick melting temperature 60°C, established prior research by team [5], we investigated three different sizes their corresponding distributions gear. included small (1"-2") ranging 4 12 pieces, medium (2"-4") 2 6 (4"-6") 1 pieces distributed each zone Using larger number can same but have more efficient absorption.ResultsThe size did not significantly affect long there enough cover area. proved effective reducing increases areas directly shielded periods intense heat.ConclusionThis computational has demonstrated that segment minimal impact efficacy PCM-integrated firefighters’ gear, provided is sufficient However, smaller are recommended enhanced flexibility comfort findings modeling serve foundation advancement next-generation gear.DisclaimerThe conclusions report those authors do necessarily represent official position Institute Occupational Safety Health (NIOSH), Centers Disease Control Prevention (CDC). Mention any company or product does constitute endorsement NIOSH, CDC