Inclusion and Trace Element Characteristics of Emeralds from Swat Valley, Pakistan

• DOI: 10.5741/gems.56.3.336
• Publication Date: 2021-02-03T18:17:03Z
• Authors: Hongshu Guo; Xiaoyan Yu; Yuyu Zheng; Zhulin Sun; Miro Fei-Yeung Ng
• Keywords: Trace element

Pakistan's production of emeralds has been increasing in recent years, and reserves are estimated at almost 70 million carats (Jamal-ud-Din, 2014;Makki Ali, 2019).Swat Valley is known for small stones with saturated color (figure 1).Mineralogical curiosities include three-phase fluid inclusions (Gübelin, 1982) newly discovered trapiche-type (Khan, 2018).Photomicrographs Swat provided the first time this study.The history geology deposit were comprehensively reported by Arif et al. (2011) andGiuliani (2019) summarized here.However, a detailed study trace elements not published despite analytical geological advances (Bowersox Anwar, 1989;Gao al., 2019).Therefore, we present results from gemological properties, inclusions, spectroscopy, chemical composition to characterize Valley.Our findings provide insights that can be used understanding genesis while shedding light on geographic origin determination emerald.