Response of adult honey bees treated in larval stage with prochloraz to infection with Nosema ceranae

• DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6325
• Publication Date: 2019-02-08T03:26:00Z
• Authors: Uros Glavinic; Tanja Tesovnik; Jevrosima Stevanovic; Minja Zorc; Ivanka Cizelj; Zoran Stanimirovic; Mojca Narat
• Keywords: Nosema ceranae; Varroa sensitive hygiene

Among numerous factors that contribute to honey bee colony losses and problems in beekeeping, pesticides Nosema ceranae have been often reported. In contrast insecticides, whose effects on bees widely studied, fungicides did not attract considerable attention. Prochloraz, an imidazole fungicide used agriculture, was detected pollen stored inside hives has already proven alter immune gene expression of at different developmental stages. The aim this study simulate the realistic conditions migratory where colonies, both uninfected infected with N. , are frequently transported vicinity crop fields treated prochloraz. We investigated combined effect prochloraz faced during larval stage through food consumption microsporidium infection afterwards. most pronounced changes were observed newly emerged -free originating from colonies previously contaminated As exclusively upregulation registered, alone likely acts as a challenge induces activation pathways bees. combination stressors (prochloraz infection) exerted greatest six-day-old ten genes significantly altered expression, half upregulated downregulated. sole stressor had weakest modulation only three dysregulated. conclusion, consumed could present threat development immunity detoxification mechanisms