We report laboratory and numerical experiments with the convective circulation that develops in a long channel driven by heating cooling through opposite halves of horizontal base. The problem is similar to posed Stommel (Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. vol. 48, 1962, p. 766) Rossby (Deep-Sea Res. 12, 1965, 9; Tellus 50, 1998, 242), where flow forced linear temperature variation along ocean surface or base tank presented demonstration smallness sinking regions meridional overturning oceans. In...

We derive an analytical model for the wave‐forced movement of single‐stem vegetation and test against observed motion in a natural salt marsh. Solutions constant diameter tapered stems are expanded using normal mode solutions to Euler‐Bernoulli problem cantilevered beam. These compared with water sedge Schoenoplectus americanus (using synchronized current meters video) shallow marsh (depth < 1 m). Consistent theory, led motion, phase decreasing (from 90 0 degrees) increasing wave...

Abstract The interaction between mangroves and storm surges is explored using an analytical solution. A simplified momentum equation, balancing vegetation drag pressure gradient, combined with the continuity equation resulting in a diffusion equation. Assuming environment, one‐dimensional solution obtained to predict peak surge level across forest. accurately reproduces water of 10‐year return period flood event Firth Thames, New Zealand, Ten Thousand Islands, Florida, during Hurricane...

Abstract We present a critical analysis of experimental findings on vegetation–flow–sediment interactions obtained through both laboratory and field experiments tidal coastal environments. It is well established that aquatic vegetation provides wide range ecosystem services (e.g. protecting communities from extreme events, reducing riverbank erosion, housing diverse ecosystems), the effort to better understand such has led multiple approaches reproduce relevant physical processes detailed...

[1] Dissipation of waves propagating through natural salt marsh vegetation was about half the dissipation expected for rigid vegetation. This low predicted by a theoretical model that accounts bending motions. A transect 3 pulse-coherent Acoustic Doppler Profilers recorded water velocity and pressure (at 8 Hz) within dense (650 stems/m2) canopy semi-flexible single-stem (Schoenoplectus americanus). Most wave energy (56–81%) dissipated 19 m edge. Two models, first assuming vegetation, second...

Mangroves have been suggested as an eco-defense strategy to dissipate tsunamis, storm surges, and king tides. As such, efforts increased replant forests along coasts that are vulnerable flooding. The leafy canopies, stems, aboveground root structures of mangroves limit water exchange across a forest, reducing flood amplitudes. attenuation long waves in was measured using cross-shore transects pressure sensors two contrasting environments New Zealand, both characterized by mono-specific...

Abstract Aboveground root structures enhance drag on tidal currents in intertidal mangrove forests, whereas the creeks dissecting such forests provide low‐resistance conduits for flows. Here, observations from an established forest Whitianga Estuary, Aotearoa New Zealand, are used to investigate variability of experienced by flows a creek system and subsequent effects asymmetries ranges. Tidal flow speed maxima occurred at overbank water levels during sheet stage rising tides, but below bank...

Abstract The fluvial–tidal transition zone (FTT) is a critical interface where complex interactions between river flow, tides, and sedimentation shape geomorphic systems influence the dynamics of aquatic environments. However, few previous studies have integrated real‐time hydrodynamic data with sedimentary deposits. In particular, range depositional conditions over which mud accumulates remains poorly constrained, little understood about how these deposits are preserved in stratigraphic...

Background photo.Aerial root structures (pneumatophores) protrude

Abstract High‐resolution velocity measurements were collected within and above two dense canopies of mangrove pneumatophore roots in a wave‐exposed forest. In both canopies, root density decreased steadily with height bed owing to the variability heights tapered shape roots. Within we consider turbulence three zones: near wave boundary layer, around mean canopy height, canopy. The near‐bed was particularly intense (up 6.5 × 10 −4 W/kg), likely oscillatory wave‐driven currents flowing past...

We present a simple flow model and solution to describe ‘horizontal convection’ driven by gradient of temperature or heat flux along one horizontal boundary rectangular box. Following laboratory observations the steady-state convection, is based on localized vertical turbulent plume from line point source that located anywhere within area box maintains stably stratified interior. In contrast ‘filling box’ process, convective circulation involves diffusion in interior stabilizing buoyancy...

Abstract Tides are often considered to be the dominant hydrodynamic process within mesotidal estuaries although waves can also have a large influence on intertidal erosion rates. Here, we use combination of measurements and sediment deposition records determine conditions under which observed ‘morphologically significant’, in case they tidal suspended flux asymmetry subsequently infilling over geomorphological timescales. Morphological significant were evaluated using data from contrasting...