Race plays an important role in how people think, develop, and behave. In the current article, we queried more than 26,000 empirical articles published between 1974 2018 top-tier cognitive, developmental, social psychology journals to document often psychological research acknowledges this reality examine whether who edit, write, participate are systematically connected. We note several findings. First, across past five decades, publications that highlight race have been rare, although they...

American racism is alive and well. In this essay, we amass a large body of classic contemporary research across multiple areas psychology (e.g., cognitive, developmental, social), as well the broader social sciences sociology, communication studies, public policy), humanities critical race history, philosophy), to outline seven factors that contribute racism: (a) Categories, which organize people into distinct groups by promoting essentialist normative reasoning; (b) Factions, trigger...

It is widely recognized that language plays a key role in the transmission of human culture, but relatively little known about mechanisms by which simultaneously encourages both cultural stability and innovation. This paper examines this issue focusing on use to transmit categories, two universal devices: labels (e.g., shark, woman) generics “sharks attack swimmers”; “women are nurturing”). We propose each assume principles: norms essentialism. The normative assumption permits category...

On May 25, 2020, George Floyd, an unarmed Black American male, was killed by a White police officer. Footage of the murder widely shared. We examined psychological impact Floyd's death using two population surveys that collected data before and after his death; one from Gallup (117,568 responses n = 47,355) US Census (409,652 319,471). According to data, in week following death, anger sadness increased unprecedented levels population. During this period, more than third reported these...

This study examined whether children's mathematics anxiety serves as an underlying pathway between parental involvement and achievement. Participants included 78 low-income, ethnic minority parents their children residing in a large urban center the northeastern United States. Parents completed short survey tapping several domains of involvement, were assessed on anxiety, whole number arithmetic, word problems, algebraic reasoning. Research Findings: The results indicated that influence...

When do descriptive regularities (what characteristics individuals have) become prescriptive norms should have)? We examined children's (4-13 years) and adults' use of group to make judgments, employing novel groups (Hibbles Glerks) that engaged in morally neutral behaviors (e.g., eating different kinds berries). Participants were introduced conforming or non-conforming a Hibble who ate berries more typical Glerk). Children negatively evaluated non-conformity, with negative evaluations...

Categorizations of multiracial individuals provide insight into the psychological mechanisms driving social stratification, but few studies have explored interplay cognitive and motivational underpinnings these categorizations. In present study, we integrated research on racial essentialism (i.e., belief that race demarcates unobservable immutable properties) negativity bias tendency to weigh negative entities more heavily than positive entities) explain why people might exhibit biases in...

Psychological essentialism entails a focus on category boundaries (e.g., categorizing people as men or women) and an increase in the conceptual distance between those accentuating differences women). Across eight studies, we demonstrate that additionally support for boundary-enhancing legislation, policies, social services, it does so under conditions disadvantage groups, well benefit them. First, individual were associated with legislation mandating transgender use restrooms corresponding...

Significance In the United States, Black households and White have very different conversations about race. After death of George Floyd, parents were even more likely to such with their children prepare experience racial bias than they before Floyd’s death. less talk being socialize toward colorblindness. addition, remained relatively unconcerned that may or perpetrate bias.

Abstract Several studies identify racial identity—the significance and meaning that individuals attribute to race—as a mitigating factor in the association between discrimination adjustment. In this study, we employed visual imagery paradigm examine whether identity would moderate autonomic responses blatant subtle analogues with B lack W hite perpetrators. We recruited 105 A frican merican young adults from public, southeastern university U nited S tates. The personal of race as well...

[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported online in

Psychological science is in a unique position to identify and dismantle the thoughts, feelings, behaviors that maintain increase racial inequality, yet extent which psychological can do so depends on race scholarship supported science. We theorized lack of diversity among editors at mainstream journals might obstruct advancement by signaling scholars their research not valued they should submit elsewhere for publication. Indeed, preregistered field experiment with 1,189 psychology Ph.D....

Categorizations of multiracial individuals provide insight into the development racial concepts. Children's (4–13 years) and adults', both White (Study 1) Black 2; N = 387), categorizations were examined. children (unlike children) more often categorized as than in absence parentage information. adults White, even when knowing individuals' parentage. rates in‐group contact predicted their categorizations. These data suggest that a tendency to categorize relative emerges early results from...

Recent research questions whether children conceptualize race as stable. We examined participants' beliefs about the relative stability of and emotion, a temporary feature. Participants were White adults ages 5-6 9-10 (Study 1) racial minority 2). presented with target who happy or angry Black asked to indicate which 2 (a but not emotion match an match) each child would grow up be. adults, 9- 10-year-olds, 5- 6-year-olds selected matches, whereas matches equally. These data suggest that vary...

In the spirit of America’s Shakespeare, August Wilson (1997), I have written this article as a testimony to conditions under which I, and too many others, engage in scholarly discourse. hope make clear from beginning that although ideas presented here are not entirely my own—as they been inherited minority scholars who dared managed bring most necessary, unpalatable, unsettling truths about our discipline broader scientific community—I do write for anyone but myself those felt similarly...

In the spirit of America’s Shakespeare, August Wilson (1996), I have written this article as a testimony to conditions under which I, and too many others, engage in scholarly discourse. hope make clear from beginning that although ideas presented here are not entirely my own – they been inherited minority scholars who dared managed bring most necessary, unpalatable, unsettling truths about our discipline broader scientific community do write for anyone but myself those felt similarly...

Children often believe that how a group is reflects individual members should be. We provided strong test of this descriptive-to-prescriptive tendency by examining whether children (Ages 4 to 9) maintained the correctness norms even when such differed in their prevalence (e.g., drinking juice out bowls instead cups; Study 1) or valence giving people punches flowers; 2). In 1, disapproval toward nonconformity varied as function norm's and participant age. 2, both adults approved conformity...

Cross-race friendships can promote the development of positive racial attitudes, yet they are relatively uncommon and decline with age. In an effort to further our understanding extent which children expect cross-race occur, we examined 4- 6-year-olds' (and adults') use race when predicting other children's friendship patterns. contrast previous research, included White (Studies 1 2), Black (Study 3), Multiracial 4) participants how predicted patterns White, Black, targets. Distinct response...

Research has explored how multiracial individuals are categorized by monoracial individuals, but not yet they themselves. We examined children (4-9 years) and adults targets (presented with without parentage information). When information was provided, were more likely to be as neither wholly black nor white. However, both often than white regardless of the absence or presence information. For children, increased contact people predicted tendency categorize black. These data suggest that...