Vector beams have found a myriad of applications, from laser materials processing to microscopy, and are now easily produced in the laboratory. They usually differentiated scalar by qualitative measures, for example, visual inspection beam profiles after rotating polarizer. Here we introduce quantitative quality measure vector demonstrate it on cylindrical vortex beams. We show how single can be defined quality, 0 (purely scalar) 1 vector). Our is derived quantum toolkit, which applies classical

Using custom laser cavities to produce as the output some desired structured light field has seen tremendous advances lately, but there is no universal approach designing such for arbitrarily defined structures within cavity, e.g., at both and gain ends. Here we outline a general design from lasers which allows us specify required cavity any selected fields We verify by numerical simulation well an unwrapped experiment. The power of this that can be designed maximise overlap with available...

Here we outline a description of paraxial light propagation from modal perspective. By decomposing the initial transverse field into spatial basis whose elements have known and analytical characteristics, are able to analytically propagate any desired field, making calculation fast easy. selecting other than that planes waves, overcome problem numerical artifacts in angular spectrum approach at same time offer an intuitive understanding for why certain classes fields as they do. We concept...

Creating high-quality vector vortex (VV) beams is possible with a myriad of techniques at low power, and while few studies have produced such high-power, none considered the impact amplification on purity. Here we employ novel tools to study VV beams, in particular purity modes. We outline general toolbox for investigations demonstrate its use case through birefringent gain medium. Intriguingly, show that it enhance during amplification, paving way high-brightness requirement their...

Fractals, complex shapes with structure at multiple scales, have long been observed in Nature: as symmetric fractals plants and sea shells, statistical clouds, mountains coastlines. With their highly polished spherical mirrors, laser resonators are almost the precise opposite of Nature, so it came a surprise when, 1998, transverse intensity cross-sections eigenmodes unstable canonical were predicted to be [Karman et al., Nature 402, 138 (1999)]. Experimental verification has far remained...

We demonstrate the selection of twisted light carrying Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) l = 100 with an 88% purity by arbitrary spin-to-orbit coupling inside a visible solid-state laser metasurface device.

Propagation using numerical approaches is a textbook standard, yet suffers from lack of physical insight. We outline novel modal approach to propagation, demonstrating the ease and insight necessary for teaching facilitate understanding in photonics courses.

Vector beams that carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) have become ubiquitous and topical in a variety of research fields. The quality such usually degrades while propagating space. Here, we report noval technique to improve the vector by amplifying these through birefringent amplifier. We demonstrated this experimentally over different orientation amplifier reach enhancement maximum 20% for incident beam.

The use of beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) has become ubiquitous and topical in a variety research fields. More recently, there been growing interest exotic OAM with spatially variant polarization, so called Poincare sphere beams, the well known cylindrical vector (CVBs) particular example; for example, they can be used to obtain tighter focus applications ranging from optical trapping tweezing, laser material processing. Here we outline how generate such deterministic manner...

The use of beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) has become ubiquitous and topical in a variety research fields. More recently, there been growing interest exotic OAM with spatially variant polarisation, so called Poincaré sphere beams. Structuring these at the source gives rise to compact solutions for myriad applications, from laser materials processing microscopy. Here we present visible that control's light by arbitrary spin-orbit (SO) conversion using novel metasurface devices....

Vector beams are spatial modes of light with spatially variant polarization states in the transverse profile. Over years, vector have found their way into plenty applications ranging from material processing and lithography to electron acceleration particle trapping. Though qualitative measurements routinely used analyse beams, there is currently no quantitative measure for beam purity. Here, we introduce a new measure, quality factor (VQF), that maps purity scale 0 1. We demonstrate simple...

Across various areas in the optical world, there has been a growing interest exploiting properties of non-separable fields. A class fields, known as vector modes, exhibit coupling between spatial and polarisation degrees freedom that is akin entanglement quantum mechanics. These however, are typically characterized using qualitative measurements which inadequate determining to what extent an field non-separable. Here, we present tools characterize degree non-separability arbitrary field,...

Fractals are mathematical series that exhibit replicating patterns at every scale. If the repeated identical scale, fractal is termed self-similar. have found their way into applications such as communication and cosmology. Theoretical simulations showed eigenmodes of unstable laser resonators possess a character, in contrast with well-known stable-cavity eigenmodes. Unstable special plane, called self-conjugate, which not only same pattern, but also magnified copies themselves. Here, we...

Mathematical self-similar fractals manifest identical replicated patterns at every scale. Recently, have found their way into a myriad of applications. In optics, it has been shown that manipulation unstable resonator parameters such as cavity length, curvatures mirrors, the design aperture and its transverse position can reveal fractal in resonators eigenmodes. Here, we present novel laser generate output modes. This special plane termed self-conjugate, during each round trip inside cavity,...

The Higher order Poincar´e sphere (HOPS) is generally used to describe scalar and vector orbital angular momentum modes. These modes have found many applications date; however, they are limited low power levels. It has thus become topical consider amplification of such structured light Here, we study the purity HOPS beams in a master oscillator amplifier configuration using recently developed characterization tools through birefringent non-birefringent amplifiers. We outline general theory...

Twisted light carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) has given rise to many developments ranging from optical manipulation communications. Generating twisted solid-state lasers was initially achieved by amplitude and dynamic phase control, more recently manipulating the geometric of light. These have been limited generate superposition OAM modes as well scalar with ℓ = 10. Here we incorporate a metasurface device into visible laser control arbitrary spin-to-orbit coupling. We demonstrate...

Propagation using numerical approaches is a textbook standard, yet suffers from lack of physical insight. We outline novel modal approach to propagation, demon- strating the ease and insight necessary for teaching facilitate understanding in photonics courses.