Dendritic spines are small protrusions along dendrites where the postsynaptic components of most excitatory synapses reside in mature brain. Morphological changes these actin-rich structures associated with learning and memory formation. Despite pivotal role actin cytoskeleton spine morphogenesis, little is known about mechanisms regulating filament polymerization depolymerization dendritic spines. We show that filopodia-like precursors elongate through at both filopodia tip root. The GTPase...

Biphasic GABA A -mediated postsynaptic responses can be readily evoked in CA1 pyramidal neurons of rat hippocampal slices by high-frequency stimulus (HFS) trains the presence ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists. In present experiments with sharp microelectrodes, whole-cell techniques, and K + -selective an HFS train (40 pulses at 100 Hz) applied stratum radiatum close to recording site a brief hyperpolarizing IPSP (hIPSP), which turned into prolonged (2–3 sec) depolarization ( G...

Identification of the molecular mechanisms that enable synchronous firing CA1 pyramidal neurons is central to understanding functional properties this major hippocampal output pathway. Using microfluorescence measurements intraneuronal pH, in situ hybridization, as well intracellular, extracellular, and K+-sensitive microelectrode recordings, we show now capability for gamma-frequency (20-80 Hz) response high-frequency stimulation (HFS) emerges abruptly rat hippocampus at approximately...

A hallmark in the development of GABAergic neurotransmission is switch GABA(A)-mediated responses from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing. This occurs due a gradual decrease intracellular concentration chloride caused by functional expression neuron-specific K-Cl cotransporter KCC2. Whether mere increase amount KCC2 protein rate-limiting step vivo, or further activation otherwise nonfunctional required, not clear. Imposing fixed Cl(-) load via patch pipette we measured resultant...

Intercellular adhesion molecule-5 (ICAM-5) is a dendrite-specific molecule, which functions in both the immune and nervous systems. ICAM-5 only negative regulator that has been identified for maturation of dendritic spines so far. Shedding ectodomain promotes spine enhances synaptic activity. However, mechanism by regulates development remains poorly understood. In this study, we found ablation ICAM5 expression resulted significant increase formation contacts frequency miniature excitatory...

High-frequency stimulation (HFS) applied to stratum radiatum of a rat hippocampal slice in the presence ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists evokes biphasic GABA(A) receptor-dependent response CA1 pyramidal neurons, with brief hyperpolarizing IPSP (hIPSP) followed by long-lasting depolarization. We show now that it is possible pharmacologically separate hIPSP and late depolarization from one another. In neurons intracellularly perfused for 1-2 hr F(-) as major anion no ATP, (and...

The α2-laminin subunit contributes to basement membrane functions in muscle, nerve, and other tissues, mutations its gene are causes of congenital muscular dystrophy. α2 G-domain modules, mutated several these disorders, thought mediate different cellular interactions. To analyze contributions, we expressed recombinant laminin-2 (α₂β₁γ₁) with LG4–5, LG1–3, LG1–5 modular deletions. Wild-type LG4–5 deleted-laminins were isolated from medium intact cleaved...

Recent work suggests that activity-induced alkaline transients within the interstitial space of nervous tissue are largely due to net fluxes acid-base equivalents across postsynaptic receptor-gated ion channels. In view marked pH sensitivity certain receptor channels, it has been frequently postulated synaptically-evoked H+ shifts might play a neuromodulatory role. We provide here first evidence support above hypothesis in showing extracellularly recorded glutamatergic responses area CA1 rat...

Pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP), a 29-kD isolated from Phytolacca americana, inhibits translation by catalytically removing specific adenine residue the large rRNA of 60S subunit eukaryotic ribosomes. Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants expressing PAP or variant (PAP-v) were shown to be resistant broad spectrum plant viruses. Expression PAP-v in transgenic induces synthesis pathogenesis-related proteins and very weak (<2-fold) increase salicylic acid levels. Using reciprocal...

Abstract Burning rate characteristics of the low‐sensitivity explosive 5‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐one (NTO) have been investigated in pressure interval 0.1–40 MPa. The temperature distribution combustion wave NTO has measured at pressures 0.4–2.1 Based on burning and thermocouple measurements, constants decomposition molten layer 370–425 °C derived from a condensed‐phase model ( k =8.08⋅10 13 ⋅exp(−19420/ T ) s −1 . vapor above liquid (ln P =−9914.4/ +14.82) solid phases =−12984.4/ +20.48)...

ABSTRACT Functional activation of the neuronal K+-Cl− co-transporter KCC2 (also known as SLC12A5) is a prerequisite for shifting GABAA responses from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing during development. Here, we introduce transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2) new regulator membrane trafficking and functional activation. TGF-β2 controls trafficking, surface expression activity in developing mature mouse primary hippocampal neurons, determined by immunoblotting, immunofluorescence,...

Abstract The kinetics of thermal decomposition 3‐nitro‐2,4‐dihydro‐3H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐one (NTO) in the temperature interval from 200 °C to 260 was investigated using a glass Bourdon gauge. overall reaction includes two distinct stages: fast first‐order and subsequent autocatalytic reaction. importance first stage increases with increasing decreasing loading density gauge ( m/V). A period preliminary heating, at lower temperature, strongly influences when is carried out higher temperature. In...