Ocean acidification is one of the most pressing environmental concerns our time, and not surprisingly, we have seen a recent explosion research into physiological impacts ecological consequences changes in ocean chemistry. We are gaining considerable insights from this work, but further advances require greater integration across disciplines. Here, showed that projected near-future CO2 levels impaired ability damselfish to learn identity predators. These effects stem neurotransmitter...

Summary A range of physiological traits are linked with aggression and dominance within social hierarchies, but the role individual aerobic capacity in facilitating has seldom been studied. Further, links previously observed between an individual's metabolic rate level may be context dependent modulated by factors such as stress fcompetitor familiarity. We examined these issues juvenile Ambon damselfish, Pomacentrus amboinensis , which display intraspecific competition for territories during...

Coral reefs are currently experiencing a number of worsening anthropogenic stressors, with nearshore suffering from increasing sedimentation because growing human populations and development in coastal regions. In habitats where vision olfaction serve as the primary sources information, reduced visual input suspended sediment may lead to significant alterations prey fish behaviour. Here, we test whether compensate for information by their antipredator responses chemically mediated risk cues...

Much of the plasticity that prey exhibit in response to predators is linked prey's immediate background level risk. However, we know almost nothing how risk influences learn categorize and non-predators. Learning non-predators probably represents one most underappreciated aspects anti-predator decision-making. Here, provide larval damselfish ( Pomacentrus chrysurus ) with a high or low then try teach them recognize cue as non-threatening through process latent inhibition. Prey from low-risk...

Organisms often undergo shifts in habitats as their requirements change with ontogeny. Upon entering a new environment, it is vitally important to be able rapidly assess predation risk. Predation pressure should selectively promote mechanisms that enable the rapid identification of novel predators. Here we tested ability juvenile marine fish simultaneously learn identity multiple previously unknown Individuals were conditioned 'cocktail' odours (from two predators and non-predators) paired...

Many vertebrates are known to show behavioural lateralization, whereby they differentially use one side of their body or either bilateral organs limbs. Behavioural lateralization often manifests in a turning bias fishes, with some individuals showing left and others right bias. Such biases could be the source considerable conflict fish schools given that there may social pressure conform group maintain effective evasion. Here, we predation is major determinant degree both relative absolute...

Abstract The impact of ocean warming on fish and fisheries is vigorously debated. Leading theories project limited adaptive capacity tropical fishes 14-39% size reductions by 2050 due to mass-scaling limitations oxygen supply in larger individuals. Using the world’s hottest coral reefs Persian/Arabian Gulf as a natural laboratory for - where species have survived >35.0 °C summer temperatures over 6000 years are 14-40% smaller at maximum compared cooler locations we identified two pathways...

Climate change is driving rising average sea temperatures and the intensification of thermal variability. Tropical coral reef fishes have evolved under thermally stable conditions to function optimally within a narrow temperature range, with many currently living close their upper limits. However, recent work has demonstrated that some species possess additional capacity, such as reductions in basal metabolic rates (i.e., 'plastic floors'), compensate for acute effects challenges when...

Fishes are known to use chemical alarm cues from both conspecifics and heterospecifics assess local predation risks enhance predator detection. Yet it is unknown how recognition of heterospecific arises for coral reef fishes. Here, we test if naïve juvenile fish have an innate cues. We also examine there a relationship between the intensity antipredator response these degree which species related each other. Naïve anemone fish, Amphiprion percula, were tested see they displayed responses...

Summary Learned predator recognition provides animals with an adaptive mechanism to rapidly adapt current levels of predation risk. Prey may be able reduce the cost associated learning if they can use information learned about known predators respond cues from closely related which are unfamiliar. The capacity prey generalize and distinguish between novel non‐predators is poorly understood, particularly in species‐diverse communities many non‐predators. Lemon damselfish, Pomacentrus...

Abstract Prey individuals with complex life-histories often cannot predict the type of risk environment to which they will be exposed at each their life stages. Because level investment in defences should match local conditions, we that these have ability modulate expression an integrated defensive phenotype, but this switch occur key life-history transitions. We manipulated background juvenile damselfish for four days following settlement (a transition) or 10 post-settlement and measured a...

Prey with cerebral lateralization often shows a bias in escape direction and asymmetrical use of eyes for scanning. Such asymmetries are likely to cause ecological disadvantages when, example, predators attack from the side which prey is more susceptible. However, lateralized individuals diffuse many species and, paradoxically, their frequency increases via developmental plasticity environments high-predation risk. Using wood frog tadpoles, Lithobates sylvaticus, we tested hypothesis that...

Abstract It is critical for prey to recognise predators and distinguish from non-threatening species. Yet, we have little understanding of how develop effective predator recognition templates. Recent studies suggest that may actually learn key features which can be used novel species with similar characteristics. However, non-predators are sometimes mislabelled as when generalising recognition. Here, conduct the first comprehensive investigation integrate information on odours diet cues in...

In aquatic environments, uninjured prey escaping a predator release chemical disturbance cues into the water. However, it is unknown whether these are simple physiological by-product of increased activity or they represent social signal that under some control by sender. Here, we exposed wood frog tadpoles ( Lithobates sylvaticus ) to either high low background risk environment and tested their responses (or cues) produced from high-risk low-risk backgrounds. We found an interaction between...

Due to the costs of antipredator behaviour, prey have ability finely modulate their response according risk they experienced, and adjust it over different scales ecological time. Information on which base responses can be obtained from direct experience, but also indirectly nearby conspecifics. In aquatic environments, alarm cues injured conspecifics are an important reliable source information about current predation risk. We used wood frog tadpoles, Lithobates sylvaticus, investigate...

Anthropogenic stressors are causing widespread coral mortality, leading to loss of cover and decreased structural complexity that threatens reef biodiversity, functioning, ecosystem services. Reef fishes intimately linked complexity, but we lack a generic understanding which species particularly affected by flattening what traits make them susceptible. We used extensive species‐ trait‐based analyses build framework for western Atlantic fish association with both better understand the...