Abstract The near-surface boundary layer above patchy snow cover in mountainous terrain is characterized by a highly complex interplay of various flows on multiple scales. In this study, we present data from comprehensive field campaign that period 21 days the ablation season an alpine valley, continuous until complete melt out. We recorded eddy covariance at different heights and investigated spectral decompositions. topographic setting led to categorisation into up down valley flows, with...

The Mountain snowpack stores months of winter precipitation at high elevations, supplying snowmelt to lowland areas in drier seasons for agriculture and human consumption worldwide. Accurate seasonal predictions the are thus great importance, but such forecasts suffer from major challenges as resolving interactions between forcing variables spatial resolutions. To test novel approaches resolve these processes, simulations run different grid resolutions (50 m, 100 250 m) with variable data...

Abstract When formulating a hydrologic model, scientists rely on parameterizations of multiple processes based field data, but literature review suggests that more frequently people select were included in pre‐existing models rather than re‐evaluating the underlying experiments. Problems arise when limited data exist, “trusted” approaches do not get reevaluated, and sensitivities fundamentally change different environments. The physics dynamics snow interception by conifers is just such...

Abstract. Mountain snowpack forecasting relies on accurate mass and energy input information to the snowpack. For this reason, coupled snow-atmosphere models, which downscale fields snow model using atmospheric physics, have been developed. These models are often limited in spatial temporal extent of their use by computational constraints. In addressing challenge, we introduce HICARsnow, an intermediate-complexity model. HICARsnow couples two physics-based intermediate complexity enable...

Abstract Mountain winds are the driving force behind snow accumulation patterns in mountainous catchments, making accurate wind fields a prerequisite to simulations of depth for ecological or water resource applications. In this study, we examine effect that derived from different coarse data sets and downscaling schemes has on modeled at resolutions suitable basin‐scale modeling (>50 m). Simulations run over Tuolumne River Basin, CA season Water Year 2017 using distributed model,...

Spatially distributed meteorological information at the slope scale is relevant for many processes in complex terrain, yet this sub-km spatial resolution difficult to obtain. While downscaling kilometer resolutions well described literature, moving beyond not. In work, we present a methodical comparison of three methods varying complexity, that are used downscale data from Numerical Weather Prediction model COSMO-1 1.1 km horizontal 250 and 50 m over domain highly terrain Swiss Alps. We...

Abstract The lateral transport of heat above abrupt (sub-)metre-scale steps in land surface temperature influences the local energy balance. We present a novel experimental method to investigate stratification and dynamics near-surface atmospheric layer over heterogeneous surface. Using high-resolution thermal infrared camera pointing at synthetic screens, $$30\,\hbox {Hz}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>30</mml:mn> <mml:mspace />...

Abstract. High resolution (&lt; 1 km) atmospheric modeling is increasingly used to study precipitation distributions in complex terrain and cryosphere-atmospheric processes. While this approach has yielded insightful results, studies over annual time-scales or at the spatial extents of watersheds remain unrealistic due computational costs running most models. In paper we introduce a High-resolution variant Intermediate Complexity Atmospheric Research (ICAR) model, HICAR. We detail model...

Abstract. High-resolution (&lt; 1 km) atmospheric modeling is increasingly used to study precipitation distributions in complex terrain and cryosphere–atmospheric processes. While this approach has yielded insightful results, studies over annual timescales or at the spatial extents of watersheds remain unrealistic due computational costs running most models. In paper we introduce a high-resolution variant Intermediate Complexity Atmospheric Research (ICAR) model, HICAR. We detail model...

Dynamic downscaling of atmospheric forcing data to the hectometer resolution has shown increases in accuracy for landsurface models, but at great computational cost. Here we present a validation novel intermediate complexity model, HICAR, developed scale applications. HICAR can run more than 500x faster conventional while containing many same physics parameterizations. Station measurements air temperature, wind speed, and radiation, combination with from scanning Doppler LiDAR, are compared...

Abstract. Mountain snowpack forecasting relies on accurate mass and energy input information in relation to the snowpack. For this reason, coupled snow–atmosphere models, which downscale fields snow model using atmospheric physics, have been developed. These models are often limited spatial temporal extents of their use by computational constraints. In addressing challenge, we introduce HICARsnow, an intermediate-complexity model. HICARsnow couples two physics-based intermediate complexity...

The near-surface boundary layer over patchy snow is highly heterogeneous and dynamic. Layers of opposing stability coexist within only a few horizontal meters. Conventional experimental methods to investigate this suffer from limitations related the fixed positions eddy covariance sensors. To overcome these difficulties, we set up centimeter-resolution large simulation flow across an idealised transition bare ground snow. We force with high-frequency data recorded during field campaign. show...

This synoptic study of equatorial clutter used over 6200 long‐range (8000 nautical miles, or 14,816 km) backscatter ionograms from the east coast over‐the‐horizon (OTH‐B) radar system at Bangor, Maine, obtained 1100 to 0500 LT during 22‐month period October 1991 July 1993. Data were collected in five 7.5°‐wide azimuthal sectors (radar beams 1‐6,1‐8, 2‐4, 2‐8, and 3‐5) 58°T 170°T. The signatures can be identified with an region covering a dip latitude range ±40°. Equatorial typically begins...

When formulating a hydrologic model, scientists rely on parameterizations of multiple processes based field data, but literature review suggests that more frequently people select were included in pre-existing models rather than re-evaluating the underlying experiments. Problems arise when limited data exist, “trusted” approaches do not get reevaluated, and fundamentally change different environments. The physics dynamics snow interception by conifers, including both loading unloading snow,...

Abstract The near-surface boundary layer above patchy snow cover in mountainous terrain is characterized by a highly complex interplay of various flows on multiple scales. In this study, we present data from comprehensive field campaign that period 21 days the ablation season an alpine valley, continuous until complete melt out. We recorded eddy-covariance at different heights and investigate cospectral decompositions.The topographic setting led to categorisation into up down with most being...