Climate warming accelerates the timing of flowering and insect pollinator emergence, especially in spring. If these phenological shifts progress independently between species, features plant-pollinator mutualisms may be modified. However, evidence mismatch pollination systems is limited. We investigated phenologies a spring ephemeral, Corydalis ambigua, its pollinators (bumble bees), seed-set success over 10-14 years three populations. Although both onset first detection overwintered queen...

Light availability in the understory of deciduous forests changes drastically within growing season due to foliage dynamics canopy trees. Because flowering phenology, photosynthetic characteristics, and fruiting success respond such strong seasonality light availability, we hypothesized that plants ecosystems should describe distinct phenological groups or syndromes where "syndrome" is defined only as a set characteristics co-occur. To identify these syndromes, studied fruit seed set, for 18...

ABSTRACT To clarify the relationship between mutations commonly found for penicillin-binding protein 3 (PBP 3) of β-lactamase-nonproducing ampicillin-resistant (BLNAR) Haemophilus influenzae isolates and β-lactam resistance, single multiple amino acid at positions 377, 385, 389, 517, 526 were introduced into PBP a β-lactam-susceptible Rd strain by site-directed mutagenesis. Twelve isogenic recombinant strains challenged with nine antibiotics. Replacement asparagine position lysine (N526K)...

Background and AimsThe light availability on a temperate, deciduous-forest floor varies greatly, reflecting the seasonal leaf dynamics of canopy trees. The growth and/or reproductive activity understorey plants should be influenced by length high-irradiance period from snowmelt to closure. aim present study was clarify how spring-blooming species regulate translocation photosynthetic products current reproduction storage organs during growing season in accordance with changing conditions.

We examined the significance of retaining color‐changed flowers in pollination success Weigela middendorffiana through a single visit bumble bees. Inner parts changed color with age from yellow to red. In an investigation mating system, duration each phase, reproductive ability color‐phase flowers, and effects on bee behavior (1) this species were self‐incompatible, (2) provided little reward pollinators residual ability, (3) timing floral change was delayed progress flowering season within...

Summary 1. The carbon source for reproduction in plants may differ between flowering and fruiting stages. To clarify how spring ephemerals use current photosynthetic products reproduction, the allocation patterns of photosynthate at effects resource limitation on reproductive performance Corydalis ambigua were assessed. 2. A 13 C tracing experiment revealed that about 20% was used both fruiting. proportion allocated to fruits constant irrespective light level. In contrast, translocation...

The limits on annual seed production have long been characterized as restriction by either pollination success or resource provision to development. This expected dichotomy between pollen and limitation is based the assumption that reproductive resources are fixed, which reasonable for semelparous species. In contrast, iteroparity can ease constraints output per breeding season, if be mobilized from past storage borrowed against future performance. For perennial plants, these options allow...

The production of flowers, fruits and seeds demands considerable energy nutrients, which can limit the allocation these resources to other plant functions and, thereby, influence survival future reproduction. magnitude physiological costs reproduction depends on both factors limiting seed (pollen, ovules or resources) capacity plants compensate for high resource demand. To assess consequences reproductive costs, we used shading defoliation reduce photosynthate by fully pollinated a perennial...

Abstract Despite our understanding of chemical defenses and their consequences for plant performance herbivores, we know little about whether defensive chemicals in tissues, such as alkaloids, spatial variation within a population play unappreciated critical roles plant‐herbivore interactions. Neighboring plants can decrease or increase attractiveness to an example neighborhood effect. Chemical traits may contribute effects We examined the nicotine leaves (a non‐emitted defense chemical) on...

1. The flower visitor community consists not only of pollinators but also non‐pollinators, such as florivores, thieves and predators that attack visitors. Although there is increasing evidence early‐season foliar herbivory influences pollinator visitation through changes in floral traits, few studies have explored indirect effects on structure the We examined how established late season. 2. conducted an inoculation experiment using a lacebug ( Corythucha marmorata ), which predominantly...

Summary Many iteroparous angiosperms may benefit from flexible annual resource allocation in response to variable reproductive opportunities induced by external conditions. If maximal investment is fixed, lack of sinks would cause redistribution other sinks. Alternatively, vary depending on the demand sinks, changing source–sink relations. In particular, differential responses males and females demands flower seed production sexual dimorphism. We assess occurrence demand‐driven its...

A 53-year-old woman with Henoch-Schönlein purpura presented massive intrapulmonary hemorrhage and renal failure. Renal pathology revealed diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis granular deposition of immunoglobulin on immunofluorescent staining. Therapy oral prednisolone resulted in resolution the pulmonary lesions

A 65-year-old woman with mild renal insufficiency had persistent hyperkalemia and hyperchloremic acidosis. Her plasma aldosterone level was relatively low for her hyperkalemia, urine pH low. Fludrocortisone acetate administration corrected both acidosis by increasing urinary excretion of potassium net acid, implicating deficient mineralocorticoid activity in the distal tubule this patient. During medication ammonium increased, but remained low, so that titratable acid did not decrease. On...

Abstract The size‐dependent sex allocation theory predicts that a female‐based is accelerated with increasing resource status in insect‐pollinated hermaphrodite plants. However, variations the mating environment among flowers, which are caused by pollinator movements and temporal fluctuation floral ratio, may cause diverse patterns flowers within inflorescences. We examined plants inflorescences perennial species 1‐day Hosta rectifolia Nakai. Flowering progresses sequentially from basal to...

Accurately evaluating the strengths of direct (i.e., consumptive and non-consumptive) effects indirect (density- trait-mediated) interactions is crucial for understanding mechanisms maintenance dynamics an ecosystem. However, in situ evaluation has not been conducted a long enough period time to fully consider seasonality life histories community components. We 9-month (from summer spring) field experiment intertidal rocky shore ecosystem involving carnivorous snail, Thais clavigera, its...

Abstract There is increasing evidence that herbivore–plant interactions on a focal plant species are influenced by interspecific neighbourhood effects via neighbouring plants (i.e. an associational effect). However, intraspecific neighborhood imposed traits have been less appreciated. Specifically, the significance of in population‐level consequences has totally overlooked. Using two varieties Nicotiana tabacum (high‐ and low‐nicotine), we evaluated based patch‐level split‐plot 3 × factorial...

We treated a female patient suffering from immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy and congenital deficiency of the ninth component complement system (C9). She was admitted with hematuria proteinuria, C9 diagnosed based on low hemolytic activity 50% unit complements (CH50) normal C3 level in plasma. Renal biopsy revealed mild mesangial proliferation, immunofluorescence examination deposits IgA same distribution. discuss pathogenesis role its progression.(Internal Medocine 40: 52-55, 2001)