A programmable high-frequency operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) is proposed and analyzed. general configurable analog block (CAB) presented, which consists of the OTA, capacitor MOSFET switches. Using CABs, universal tunable field array (FPAA) can be constructed, realize many signal-processing functions, including filters. tuning circuit also discussed. The OTA has been simulated fabricated in CMOS technology. results show that tunable/programmable a wide range 700 times -3-dB...

Due to detrimental effects of atmospheric particulate matter (PM), its accurate monitoring is paramount importance, especially in densely populated urban areas. However, precise measurement PM levels requires expensive and sophisticated equipment. Although low-cost alternatives are gaining popularity, their reliability questionable, attributed sensitivity environmental conditions, inherent instability, manufacturing imperfections. The objectives this paper include (i) introduction an...

This paper presents an algorithm for the measurement of human heart rate, using photoplethysmography (PPG), i.e., detection light at skin surface. The signal from PPG sensor is processed in time-domain; peaks preprocessed and conditioned waveform are detected by a peak to find rate real time. Apart sensor, accelerometer also used detect body movement indicate moments time, which can be unreliable. describes detail conditioning path modified algorithm, it gives example implementation...

Air quality significantly impacts the environment and human living conditions, with direct indirect effects on economy. Precise prompt detection of air pollutants is crucial for mitigating risks implementing strategies to control pollution within acceptable thresholds. One common nitrogen dioxide (NO2), high concentrations which are detrimental respiratory system may lead serious lung diseases. Unfortunately, reliable NO2 requires sophisticated expensive apparatus. Although cheap sensors now...

This paper describes the FPGA-based hardware implementation of an algorithm for automatic traffic surveillance sensor network. The aim is to extract moving vehicles from real-time camera images evaluation parameters, such as number vehicles, their direction movement and approximate speed, using low power a network node. A single, stationary, monochrome used, mounted at location high above road. Occlusions are not detected, however simple shadow highlight elimination performed. designed...

In this article, a stress monitoring system tailored for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and developed the educational institution is presented. People ASD face problems effective management due to their high self-perceived levels of stress, poor ability cope it, difficulties accurate detection source stress. Consistently, being able measure appears be highly vital specific group. The design construction measuring are introduced. including autonomic wearable device...

The application of a Bluetooth skin resistance sensor in assisting people with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), their day-to-day work, is presented this paper. design and construction the device are discussed. authors have considered best placement sensor, on body, to gain most accurate readings user stress levels, under various conditions. Trial tests were performed group sixteen verify correct functioning device. Resistance levels compared those from reference system. has also been...

Abstract Air pollution stands as a significant modern-day challenge impacting life quality, the environment, and economy. It comprises various pollutants like gases, particulate matter, biological molecules, more, stemming from sources such vehicle emissions, industrial operations, agriculture, natural events. Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), among these harmful is notably prevalent in densely populated urban regions. Given its adverse effects on health accurate monitoring of NO levels becomes...

Air pollution remains a considerable contemporary challenge affecting life quality, the environment, and economic well-being. It encompasses an array of pollutants—gases, particulate matter, biological molecules—emanating from sources such as vehicle emissions, industrial activities, agriculture, natural occurrences. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), harmful gas, is particularly abundant in densely populated urban areas. Given its detrimental impact on health precise monitoring NO2 levels crucial for...

In this study, the authors discuss a robust and efficient technique for rapid design of compact couplers. The approach exploits two‐level space mapping (SM) correction an equivalent circuit model coupler structure under design. first SM layer (local correction) is utilised to ensure good matching between electromagnetic at component level. Subsequent global allows accounting couplings components. important advantage that small number parameter each stage, which substantially simplifies...

In this article, a reliable and low-cost design methodology for simulation-driven optimization of miniaturized rat-race couplers (RRCs) is presented. We exploit two-stage approach, where composite structure (a basic building block the RRC structure) first optimized using pattern search algorithm, and, subsequently, entire coupler tuned by means surrogate-based (SBO) procedure. SBO executed with underlying low-fidelity model implemented as cascaded response surface approximations (RSAs)...

Contribution: While research indicates usefulness of remote laboratories in teaching digital hardware systems, their main application is to complement stationary classes. This work presents a low-cost, scalable architecture that supports rapid transformation model based solely on access mechanisms. Background: Adaptation online laboratory solutions from the literature en-masse circuits time-consuming and expensive. Solutions permit cheap conversion courses environments seem be high value,...

Summary A CMOS circuit realization of a highly linear multiple‐output differential operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) has been proposed. The presented approach exploits pair as an input stage with both the gate and bulk terminals signal ports. For proposed OTA, improved linearity is obtained by means active‐error feedback loop operating at stage. SPICE simulations OTA show that, for 0.35 µm AMS process, total harmonic distortion 1.36Vpp less than 1% dynamic range equal to 60.1 dB...

This paper presents a prototype sensor network for monitoring urban traffic. The node, equipped with low-resolution camera, observes the street and detects moving objects. Object detection is based on custom video segmentation algorithm, using dual background subtraction, edge shadow detection, running dedicated multi-processor SoC hardware. number speed of detected objects are transmitted low-power license-free radio transceiver to another neighboring node. All nodes create self-organized...

Abstract In this paper, a feedforward linearization method for programmable CMOS operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) is described. The proposed circuit technique developed using simple source‐coupled differential pair transconductors, feedback‐loop self‐adjusting transcoductance ( g m ) and linear reference resistor R ). As result, an efficient of transfer characteristic the OTA obtained. SPICE simulations show that 0.35µm AMS process with single +3V power supply, total harmonic...

Air pollution involves multiple health and economic challenges. Its accurate low-cost monitoring is important for developing services dedicated to reduce the exposure of living beings pollution. Particulate matter (PM) measurement sensors belong key components that support operation these systems. In this work, a modular, mobile Internet Things sensor PM measurements has been proposed. Due limited accuracy detector, data are refined using two-stage procedure elimination non-physical signal...

FPGA and ASIC implementation of the algorithm for traffic monitoring in urban areas This paper describes idea image detection algorithm, that can be used integrated sensor networks environment areas. The is dedicated to extraction moving vehicles from real-time camera images evaluation parameters, such as number vehicles, their direction movement approximate speed. authors, apart careful selection particular steps towards hardware implementation, also proposed novel improvements, resulting...

Nowadays, LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) has become a significant alternative fuel for both land and marine transport units. Due to formal regulations, gaseous natural gas (boil-off - BOG) cannot be released environment when e.g. ship is docked or truck out of operation. Stream BOG can burnt but this solution should limited due ecological reasons. Therefore, re-condensation systems allowing extend holding time the storage vessels are currently under strong interest development. Joule-Thomson...

Abstract In this paper, the MOS differential pair driven simultaneously from gates and bulk terminals is described. An approximated analytical solution of voltage to current transfer function has been found for proposed circuit. Four possible combinations gate connections input signal are presented. Basing on configuration giving best linearity, operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) designed compared, by computer simulations, utilizing classic pair. 3rd order filters using OTAs with...

This paper describes the idea and implementation of robust algorithm dedicated to extraction moving vehicles from real-time camera images for evaluation traffic parameters, such as number vehicles, their direction movement approximate speed. The authors, apart careful selection particular steps towards hardware implementation, also proposed novel improvements, resulting in increasing robustness efficiency. A single, stationary, monochrome is used, simple shadow highlight elimination...