Collective behaviour defines the lives of many animal species on Earth. Underwater swarms span several orders magnitude in size, from coral larvae and krill to tunas dolphins. Agent-based algorithms have modelled collective movements groups by use social forces , which approximate individual animals. But details how swarming individuals interact with fluid environment are often under-examined. How do shape aquatic swarms? fish their flow-sensing capabilities coordinate schooling mates? We...

The ecological and evolutionary benefits of energy-saving in collective behaviors are rooted the physical principles physiological mechanisms underpinning animal locomotion. We propose a turbulence sheltering hypothesis that movements fish schools turbulent flow can reduce total energetic cost locomotion by shielding individuals from perturbation chaotic eddies. test this quantifying energetics kinematics giant danio ( Devario aequipinnatus ) compared to solitary swimming under laminar...

Springtails (Collembola) have been traditionally portrayed as explosive jumpers with incipient directional takeoff and uncontrolled landing. However, for these collembolans that live near the water, such skills are crucial evading a host of voracious aquatic terrestrial predators. We discover semiaquatic springtails, Isotomurus retardatus, can perform jumps, rapid aerial righting, near-perfect landing on water surface. They achieve locomotive controls by adjusting their body attitude impulse...

Gravity plays an important role in most life forms on Earth. Yet, a complete molecular understanding of sensing and responding to gravity is lacking. While there are anatomical differences among animals, remarkable conservation across phylogeny at the level. Caenorhabditis elegans suitable for gene discovery approaches that may help identify mechanisms sensing. It unknown whether C. can sense direction gravity.In aqueous solutions, motile nematodes align their swimming with vector while...

Abstract The ecological and evolutionary benefits of collective behaviours are rooted in the physical principles physiological mechanisms underpinning animal locomotion. We propose a turbulence sheltering hypothesis that movements fish schools turbulent flow can reduce total energetic cost locomotion by shielding individuals from perturbation chaotic eddies. test this quantifying energetics kinematics giant danio ( Devario aequipinnatus ) compared to solitary swimming under control...

The coordinated movement of fish schools has long captivated researchers studying animal collective behavior. Classical literature from Weihs and Lighthill suggests that should favor planar diamond formations to increase hydrodynamic efficiency, inspiring a large body work ranging fluid simulations hydrofoil experiments. However, whether actually adopt maintain this idealized formation remains debated unresolved. When are free self-organize in three dimensions, what do they prefer? By...

Recent studies have shown that Escherichia coli in highly confined porous media exhibit extended periods of `trapping' punctuated by forward `hops', a significant restructuring the classical run-and-tumble model motility. However, bacterial species must navigate diverse range complex habitats, such as biological tissues, soil, and sediments. These natural environments display varying levels both (1) packing density (i.e., confinement) (2) structure disorder). Here, we introduce microfluidic...

Nematodes such as Caenorhabditis elegans are heavier than water. When submerged in water, they settle to the bottom surface. Observations reveal that animals do not lie flat on surface, but remain substantially suspended above surface through continuous collisions with while maintaining their swimming gaits. Consequently, follow topography. is inclined, swim up or down along incline. As magnitude of gravitational force can be easily estimated, this behaviour provides a convenient means...

Abstract Fire ants survive flash floods by linking their bodies together to build waterproof rafts. Most studies of fire ant rafts consider static water conditions, but here, we the influence flow. In particular, when floating on shallow water, raft can run aground vegetation, generating stresses in as continues flow around it. this combined experimental and numerical study, film 10 h response a caught an anchor subjected flows 6 cm s −1 . situation, elongate from circular more streamlined...

ABSTRACT During flash floods, fire ants (Solenopsis invicta Buren) link their bodies together to build rafts stay afloat, and towers anchor onto floating vegetation. Can such challenging conditions facilitate synchronization coordination, resulting in energy savings per capita? To understand how stress affects metabolic rate, we used constant-volume respirometry measure the metabolism of ant workers. Group rates were measured a series conditions: at normal state, three elevated temperatures,...

Fire ants are a notorious invasive insect found all over the world. Like flocks of birds and schools fish, fire can be in large aggregations. Here, we show that avoid each other on water surface. As result, small rafts quickly separate. To aggregate together larger numbers, they rely surface tension forces, same ones bring Cheerios bowl milk, to overcome their exploratory instincts.

Fried rice is a 1500-year-old dish that prepared using wok tossing, technique enables food to undergo temperatures of 1200°C without burning. Tossing the heavy at high speed may be one contributor shoulder pain, which reported by 64.5% Chinese restaurant chefs. In this combined experimental and theoretical study, we report tossing kinematics five professional The toss has period 0.3 s involves two directions movement: translation, slides along wok, rotation, throws into air. We chosen chefs...

In this paper, a new continuum traffic flow model is proposed, with lane-changing source term in the continuity equation and viscosity acceleration equation. Based on previous literature, addresses impact of speed difference density between adjacent lanes, which provides better precision for free simulation; turns behavior to "force" that may influence distribution. Using flux-splitting scheme discretization, two cases are investigated numerically. The case under homogeneous initial...

Black soldier fly larvae are a sustainable protein source and play vital role in the emerging food-waste recycling industry. One of challenges raising dense aggregations is their rise temperature during feeding, which, if not mitigated, can become lethal to larvae. We propose applying air-fluidization circumvent such overheating. However, behavior system involves complex air-larva interactions poorly understood. In this combined experimental numerical study, we show that larval activity...

The schooling behavior of fish is hypothesized to confer many survival benefits, including foraging success, safety from predators, and energy savings through hydrodynamic interactions when swimming in formation. Underwater robot collectives may be able achieve similar benefits future applications, e.g. using formation control efficient spatial sampling for environmental monitoring. Although theoretical algorithms exist multi-robot control, they have not been tested the underwater domain due...

Robot swarms offer significant potential for inspecting diverse infrastructure, ranging from bridges to space stations. However, effective inspection requires accurate robot localization, which demands substantial computational resources and limits productivity. Inspired by biological systems, we introduce a novel cooperative localization mechanism that minimizes collective computation expenditure through self-organized sacrifice. Here, few agents bear the burden of localization; local...

In the field of traffic flow studies, compulsive lane-changing refers to (LC) behaviors due rules or bad road conditions, while free LC happens when drivers change lanes drive on a faster less crowded lane. studies based differential equation models accurately reveal influence environment. This paper presents second-order partial (PDE) model that simulates both behavior and behavior, with source terms in continuity viscosity term momentum equation. A specific form this focusing typical...

Abstract Whether or not the micro swimmer Caenorhabditis elegans senses and respond to gravity is unknown. We find that C. aligns its swimming direction with of vector (positive gravitaxis). When placed in an aqueous solution denser than animals, they still orient downwards, indicating non-uniform mass distribution and/or hydrodynamic effects are responsible for animal’s downward orientation. Paralyzed worms globally disrupted sensory cilia do change orientation as settle solution,...