We have studied the adsorption of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ on cesium in temperature range from 1.3 to 4.1 K. The film undergoes a first-order phase transition known as prewetting. prewetting line intersects coexistence curve at wetting temperature, ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{w}}$=1.95 K, and terminates ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$=2.5 critical point. There are dramatic hysteresis effects when system is varied vicinity ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{w}}$. This first experimental realization complete diagram.

We present experimental results on the viscosity of supercooled aqueous solutions lithium chloride. The scales as (T-${T}_{0}$${)}^{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ with \ensuremath{\mu}=-2.08 over a large temperature range. Data other systems show that both power-law behavior and approximate value exponent \ensuremath{\mu} are typical for wide variety fluids. region occurs at much higher temperatures lower viscosities than normally associated glass transition. discussed in context several recent theories...

Planar cell polarization represents the ability of cells to orient within plane a tissue orthogonal apical basal axis. The proper polarized function multiciliated requires coordination cilia spacing and polarity as well timing beating during metachronal synchrony. planar pathway hydrodynamic forces have been shown instruct polarity. In this paper, we show how intracellular effectors interpret organize cellular morphology in accordance with asymmetric function. We observe that both actin...

We have used a 100 000 frame-per-second video to analyze the pinch-off of nitrogen gas bubbles in fluids with wide range viscosity. If external fluid is highly viscous (eta(ext)>100 cP), bubble neck radius proportional time before break, tau, and decreases smoothly zero. has low viscosity (eta(ext)<10 scales as tau(1/2) until an instability develops bubble, which causes rupture tear apart. Finally, if intermediate range, elongated thread formed, breaks apart into micron-sized bubbles.

We have measured $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ adsorption isotherms on a cesium substrate above and below ${\mathit{T}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$ using quartz-microbalance technique. The results show that the surface remains dry until pressure almost reaches saturated vapor pressure. At liquid-vapor coexistence, however, wetting film continuously thickens to more than 30 layers. Below ${\mathit{T}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$, at coexistence is superfluid. Above we resolve feature in isotherm just which...

We have deposited cesium with monolayer thickness resolution on to the surfaces of a low-temperature quartz microbalance. By controlling in range from 1 25 monolayers, we been able continuously tune substrate adsorption potential and observe its effect $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ prewetting phase diagram. The wetting temperature can be conveniently adjusted between 2 K. Features both frequency shift dissipation microbalance were used map out superfluid-normal boundary transition thin normal thick...

A calorimetric technique was used to measure the nucleation rate of ice in supercooled ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$O droplets oil emulsions. The temperature dependence determined for a wide range temperatures droplet volumes with use emulsions stabilized by two different surfactants. results are test quantitatively theory homogeneous emulsified samples water. nucleation-rate measurements also discussed context theories which predict singularities thermodynamic functions

We present data on the pinch-off and coalescence of thin liquid alkane lenses floating water. Pinch-off in quasi-2D is distinctly different from axisymmetric 3D drops involves a cascade satellite droplets which extends to micron length scales. In contrast, qualitatively similar drops. Coalescence predicted involve entrainment exterior fluid as merge. This reentrant folding obscured but clearly visible lenses.

Optical images were used to study the wetting behavior of water on graphite, sapphire, and quartz along liquid vapor coexistence curve from room temperature 300 °C. Wetting transitions identified by at which contact angle decreased zero also disappearance dropwise condensation. These two methods yielded consistent values for temperatures, 185 °C, 234 271 °C quartz, respectively. We compare our results with theoretical predictions based a simplified model water-substrate potential sharp interfaces.

We have measured the wetting phase diagram of ${}^{3}$He${\ensuremath{-}}^{4}$He mixtures on cesium between 0.6 and 2.1 K, pure ${}^{4}$He temperature. The surface tensions which determine behavior are strongly dependent excess ${}^{3}$He. shows that there bound states ${}^{3}$He at Cs-He interface, analogous to Andreev liquid-vapor interface. binding energy these is approximately 2 K.

The breakup of a drop inviscid fluid into two smaller drops is determined by competition between surface and inertial forces. This process forms thin filament with connecting neck that shrinks to zero diameter at finite time singularity. We present measurements the electrical resistance liquid bridge mercury as it undergoes pinch off. allow us probe region singularity down nanosecond times nanometer lengths. Near off, diverges t(-2/3), expected for flow.

We report high-precision measurements of the shear modulus, viscosity, and specific heat cholesteryl nonanoate through its blue phases (BPI-BPIII). For BPI BPII we find a modulus which remains finite as frequency approaches zero, indicating that they are viscoelastic solids. cholesteric BPIII have behavior similar to each other expected isotropic phase is Newtonian fluid. Both our mechanical calorimetric data show for first time stable distinct thermodynamic phase.

High-resolution time-of-flight phonon-reflection spectra in sapphire crystals are analyzed with the aid of detailed numerical calculations. It is argued that from vacuum interfaces may be understood if about half incident phonons assumed to reflected specularly, remainder diffusely. A simple model effect on diffuse scattering presented and compared experimental data. We show specularly signal unaffected by placing helium at interface, but part transmitted almost entirely, accounting for...

The equilibrium configuration of a nonwetted three fluid system takes the form floating liquid lens, where lens resides between an upper and lower phase. axisymmetric profiles interfaces can be computed by solving nonlinear Young-Laplace differential equation for each interface with coupled boundary conditions at contact line. Here we describe numerical method applicable to sessile or pendant lenses provide free, downloadable Mathematica Player file which uses graphical analyzing plotting...

Though wakefield acceleration in crystal channels has been previously proposed, x-ray only recently become a realistic possibility since the invention of single-cycled optical laser compression technique. We investigate due to induced by coherent, ultrashort pulse guided nanoscale channel inside solid material. By two-dimensional particle-in-cell computer simulations, we show that an gradient $\mathrm{TeV}/\mathrm{cm}$ is attainable. This about 3 orders magnitude stronger than conventional...

The coalescence of drops is a fundamental process in the coarsening emulsions. However, counter-intuitively, this can produce satellite, approximately half size original drop, which detrimental to overall coarsening. This also occurs during bubbles, while resulting satellite much smaller, 10 %. To understand difference, we have conducted set experiments using xenon bubbles inside pressure chamber, where continuously raise from 1 up 85 atm and thereby vary density ratio between inner outer...

The adsorption of ${}^{3}$He${\ensuremath{-}}^{4}$He mixtures on a cesium substrate has been measured near bulk liquid phase separation. A first order wetting transition is found the three coexistence line at ${T}_{w}\ensuremath{\cong}0.53$ K. ${}^{3}$He rich wets surface below ${T}_{w}$, and layered films ${}^{4}$He under layer wet above ${T}_{w}$. associated with this to extend both sides line. On side it becomes triple point induced dewetting transitions.

We present boundary-integral simulations of the evolution critically charged droplets. For such droplets, small perturbations are unstable and eventually lead to formation a lemon-shaped drop with very sharp tips. perfectly conducting drops, tip forms self-similar cone shape subtended angle identical that Taylor cone, quantities as pressure velocity diverge in time power-law scaling. In contrast, when charge transport is described by finite conductivity, we find progeny drops formed at tips,...

The break up of a non-Newtonian yield stress fluid bridge (acrylic paint, mayonnaise, hair gel, foam, and bentonite) was investigated. minimum neck radius, hmin, measured as function time fit to power law with exponent n1. A rotational rheometer used measure the shear stress-rate strain curve which Herschel–Bulkley model n2. For pure, purchased fluids, from dependence hmin (n1) rheology index (n2) were quantitatively same. These results provide first experimental confirmation this...

We note that recent predictions of a divergent line tension at first-order wetting transition have the consequence lifetime thick film when taken out equilibrium will be extraordinarily long. Measurement increase relaxation times would elucidate form divergence tension.

We have measured the flow of gas through single ion track pores in a polymer film using mass spectroscopy technique. The are 12 $\ensuremath{\mu}$m long with diameters range 50--1000 nm, and was driven by pressure drops 0--30 atm. When mean free path is large compared to pore diameter (large Knudsen number Kn), rate proportional drop radius $R$ cubed, consistent model diffusive scattering at walls. For $\text{Kn}\ensuremath{\le}0.1$, hydrodynamic conductance increases, as predicted standard...