In the mature nervous system, changes in synaptic strength correlate with neuronal structure. Members of Nogo-66 receptor family have been implicated regulating morphology. 1 (NgR1) supports binding myelin inhibitors Nogo-A, MAG (myelin-associated glycoprotein), and OMgp (oligodendrocyte is important for growth cone collapse response to acutely presented vitro. After injury corticospinal tract, NgR1 limits axon collateral sprouting but not blocking long-distance regenerative vivo. Here, we...

ACh release into the rodent prefrontal cortex is predictive of successful performance cue detection tasks, yet cellular mechanisms underlying cholinergic modulation cortical function are not fully understood. Prolonged (“tonic”) muscarinic receptor (mAChR) activation increases excitability pyramidal neurons, whereas transient (“phasic”) mAChR generates inhibitory and/or excitatory responses, depending on neuron subtype. These effects result from “M1-like” mAChRs (M1, M3, and M5 receptors),...

Consumption of alcohol (ethanol) during pregnancy can lead to developmental defects in the offspring, most devastating being constellation symptoms collectively referred as fetal syndrome (FAS). In brain, a hallmark FAS is abnormal cerebral cortical morphology consistent with insult corticogenesis. Here, we report that exposure relatively low level ethanol utero (average maternal and blood 25 mg/dl) promotes premature tangential migration into anlage primordial GABAergic interneurons,...

Gestational exposure to ethanol has been reported alter the disposition of tangentially migrating GABAergic cortical interneurons, but much remains be elucidated. Here we first established migration interneurons as a proximal target by limiting <i>in utero</i> gestational window when tangential is at its height. We then asked whether aberrant persisted an enduring interneuronopathy in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) later life offspring prenatally exposed ethanol. Time pregnant mice with...

Neuregulin (NRG), a growth and differentiation factor that signals via erbB receptor tyrosine kinases, has been shown to have biological effects in both the CNS peripheral nervous system. We report here erbB4 is expressed mature cerebellar granule cells, where it appears be concentrated at cell postsynaptic terminals. also show one form of NRG, Ig-NRG, plays crucial role aspects development vitro . First, Ig-NRG treatment cells culture selectively induces expression GABA A β2 subunit. This...

During corticogenesis, cells from the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) migrate tangentially into neocortical anlage. Here we report that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), via GABAA receptors, regulates tangential migration. In embryonic telencephalic slices, bicuculline produced an outward current in migrating MGE-derived neocortex, suggesting presence of and tonic activation by ambient GABA. Ambient GABA was also present MGE, although this required demonstration using as bioassay HEK293...

Delayed motor development is an early clinical sign of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). However, changes at the neural circuit level that underlie differences are underexplored. The striatum, principal input nucleus basal ganglia, plays important role in learning adult animals, and maturation striatal has been associated with behaviors. Here, we briefly exposed pregnant C57BL/6 dams to ethanol (5% w/w) a liquid diet on embryonic days (E)13.5-16.5, assessed mouse progeny using series...

Background Exposure to ethanol (EtOH) in utero alters the disposition of tangentially migrating GABAergic interneurons fetal brain. The medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) gives rise a large portion cortical interneurons, including parvalbumin-expressing that shape and contribute inhibitory/excitatory (I/E) balance intracortical circuit. Here, we investigated mouse prefrontal cortex (mPFC) hypothesis low levels maternal EtOH consumption from closure neural tube embryonic day (E) 9.5 until birth...

In addition to exerting long-term neurotrophic influences on developmental process such as neuronal survival and neuritic outgrowth, brain-derived factor (BDNF) has been reported modulate synaptic transmission in the short-term. Considerable evidence indicates that BDNF acutely modulates NMDA receptor-mediated activity. However, whether inhibitory remains be firmly established. present study, we examined effect of acute exposure GABA-evoked whole-cell responses well GABAergic activity...

The expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) subtypes in freshly isolated adult rat ventricular myocytes was investigated by reverse transcription cellular mRNA followed amplification cDNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). After reverse-transcriptase PCR, bands were obtained corresponding to expected sizes for m 1 and 2 but not 3 5 mAChRs. identity confirmed single-cell restriction digest mapping, Southern blot analysis. presence , mAChR protein these cells shown...

This study compared the interaction between ethanol and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated current responses elicited in several immortalized cell lines stably transfected cells, as well cultured acutely dissociated rat cerebellar Purkinje cells. Only that were found previously to possess functional GABAA receptors examined this study. Under identical recording conditions, (10-200 mM) exerted no effect on GABA-induced currents any of or cells tested However, GABA monitored both primary...

Previous studies employing extracellular single-unit recording in the intact cerebellum have demonstrated that norepinephrine can potentiate GABA-induced suppression of Purkinje cell spike activity. However, many issues related to nature this modulatory phenomenon remain be resolved. Using whole-cell patch clamp recording, present study investigated effect on GABA-activated membrane currents (IGABA) solitary cells isolated from neonatal rat cerebella following acute dissociation. Exposure at...

Abstract In the retina of a variety vertebrate species, monoclonal antibody against protein kinase C (PKC) has been shown to label preferentially bipolar cells. Although functional consequences PKC activation in these cells is yet be revealed, present study was motivated part by possibility that might used as selective marker for examining development rat retina. Here, developmental pattern and dynamic changes retinal expressing PKC-like immunoreactivity (PKC-LI) were studied analyzed...

TrkB, the cognate receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-4, has been implicated in regulating synapse formation central nervous system. Here we asked whether TrkB plays a role maturation of climbing fibre-Purkinje cell (CF-PC) synapse. In rodent cerebellum, Purkinje cells are initially innervated by multiple fibres that subsequently culled to assume mature mono-innervated state, whose contacts translocate from soma dendrites. By employing transgenic mice hypomorphic...

Understanding the biology of adult neural stem cells has important implications for nervous system development and may contribute to our understanding neurodegenerative disorders their treatment. We have characterized process olfactory neurogenesis in mice lacking inhibitor DNA binding 2(-/-) (Id2(-/-)). found a diminished bulb containing reduced numbers granular periglomerular neurons with distinct paucity dopaminergic neurons. While no deficiency cell compartment was detectable, migrating...

Changes in brain reward systems are thought to contribute significantly the cognitive and behavioral impairments of schizophrenia, as well propensity develop co-occurring substance abuse disorders. Presently, there few treatments for persons with a dual diagnosis little is known about neural substrates that underlie schizophrenia abuse. One goal present study was determine if change concentration kynurenic acid (KYNA), tryptophan metabolite increased brains people affects reward-related...

1. The effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on bipolar cells and ganglion freshly dissociated from the rat retina was studied under voltage clamp with use patch-clamp recording in whole-cell configuration. 2. Application VIP (1-100 microM) by itself resulted no detectable current response either or cells. However, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-activated macroscopic responses elicited both neuronal populations were potentiated superimposed exposure to neuropeptide. 3....

Abstract This paper describes experiments on GABA-activated whole-cell membrane currents in bipolar cells freshly isolated from the adult rat retina. The main goal was to determine whether cell responses GABA could be resolved terms of mediation by A receptor, B or both. Bipolar were gentle enzymatic dissociation and identified their distinct morphology. agonists antagonists applied focally pressure resultant recorded under voltage clamp. In all tested, (0.1–100 μM) induced a monophasic...

The levels of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (type I), or cGMP-dependent kinase, I, and a 23,000 MW substrate for the were measured in cerebella from normal rats which selective loss interneurons cerebellar cortex had been produced by X-irradiation. A decrease was observed concentrations whereas an increase substrate. data, taken together with results other studies, support interpretation that I are distributed throughout cerebellum, but highly concentrated Purkinje cells.

During rodent corticogenesis, a sizeable subpopulation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons arises extracortically from the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE). These neurons progressively acquire responsiveness to GABA in course corticopetal tangential migration, process regulated by ambient and mediated GABA(A) receptors. Here, we combined patch clamp electrophysiology single-cell reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction examine receptor expression green fluorescent...