This paper presents a Digital Twin (DT) framework for the remote control of an Autonomous Guided Vehicle (AGV) within Network Control System (NCS). The AGV is monitored and controlled using Integrated Sensing Communications (ISAC). In order to meet real-time requirements, DT computes signals dynamically allocates resources sensing communication. A Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithm derived learn provide suitable actions while adjusting uncertainty in AGV's position. We present closed-form...

This letter considers a remote control Autonomous Guided Vehicle (AGV), where packets carrying sensory data and information are sent through time-correlated wireless fading channel. We illustrate there is an inherent dependency between the rate resulting accuracy for such system. propose goal-oriented solution, in which transmission continuously adapted according to Age-of-Loop metric achieve precise trajectory of AGV. The numerical analysis shows that proposed solution provides higher at...

Cellular broadband Internet of Things (IoT) applications are expected to keep growing year-by-year, generating demands from high throughput services. Since some these deployed over licensed mobile networks, as long term evolution (LTE), one already common problem is faced: the scarcity spectrum cope with increasing demand for data rate. The LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) forum, aiming tackle this problem, proposed LTE-U operate in 5 GHz unlicensed spectrum. However, Wi-Fi consolidated technology...

Real-time wireless networked control of an Autonomous Guided Vehicle (AGV) from edge cloud controller is attractive approach to reduce hardware costs AGVs, e.g., for industrial applications. We specify a protocol AGV and investigate how system performance stability are affected by the reliability link with fading. Particularly, there trade-off between speed, stability, channel quality. Our model takes into account end-to-end latency, which includes loops communication. Considering...

Joint design of control and communication in Wireless Networked Control Systems (WNCS) is a promising approach for future wireless industrial applications. In this context, Age Information (AoI) recently has been proposed as metric that more representative than latency conduct systems with sense-compute-actuate cycle. Nevertheless, AoI commonly defined single direction, Downlink or Uplink, which does not capture the closed-loop dynamics. paper, we extend concept by defining new metric, Loop...

3GPP has been working in establishing a new network infrastructure based on unlicensed spectrum known as LTE Secondary Cell (SCell) carrier aggregation scenario which user terminals would still be anchored to an Primary (PCell) over licensed spectrum. On this scenario, best-effort content delivered the band SCell, while QoS traffic and control signaling PCell responsibility. This work makes performance analysis of 3GPP's solution, named License Assisted Access (LTE-LAA), allows system...

There is substantial literature covering both problems and solutions related to the operation of Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks in unlicensed spectrum (LTE-U) while coexistence with other technologies, such as Wi-Fi. However, a seldom explored scenario between multiple LTE-U networks. Within this scenario, big issue establishing optimal configurations that take into account fairness among different operators coexisting same coverage area. Solutions problem could, for instance, react...

Recent studies and literature reviews have shown promising results for 3GPP system solutions in unlicensed bands when coexisting with Wi-Fi, either by using the duty cycle (DC) approach or licensed-assisted access (LAA). However, it is widely known that general performance these coexistence scenarios dependent on traffic how adjusted. Most DC configure their parameters statically, which can result losses scenario experiences changes offered data. In our previous works, we demonstrated...

The paper examines a scenario wherein sensors are deployed within an Industrial Networked Control System, aiming to construct digital twin (DT) model for remotely operated Autonomous Guided Vehicle (AGV). DT model, situated on cloud platform, estimates and predicts the system's state, subsequently formulating optimal scheduling strategy execution in physical world. However, acquiring data crucial efficient state estimation control computation poses significant challenge, primarily due...

In this paper, we develop a novel power control solution for subnetworks-enabled distributed systems in factory settings. We propose channel-independent control-aware (CICA) policy based on the logistic model and learn parameters using Bayesian optimization with multi-objective tree-structured Parzen estimator. The objective is to minimize cost of plants, measured as finite horizon linear quadratic regulator cost. proposed can be executed fully manner does not require cumbersome measurement...

We consider a Wireless Networked Control System (WNCS) where sensors provide observations to build DT model of the underlying system dynamics. The focus is on control, scheduling, and resource allocation for sensory observation ensure timely delivery deployed in cloud. \phuc{Timely relevant information, as characterized by optimized data acquisition policy low latency, are instrumental ensuring that can accurately estimate predict states. However, optimizing closed-loop control with...

This paper presents a Digital Twin (DT) framework for the remote control of an Autonomous Guided Vehicle (AGV) within Network Control System (NCS). The AGV is monitored and controlled using Integrated Sensing Communications (ISAC). In order to meet real-time requirements, DT computes signals dynamically allocates resources sensing communication. A Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithm derived learn provide suitable actions while adjusting uncertainty in AGV's position. We present closed-form...

As the frequency spectrum becomes more and occupied, discussions about technologies sharing same band grow stronger. However, there are bands reserved for use of industrial, scientific, medical applications, so called ISM bands. For using this range, it is required to adopt some coexistence technique.With intention providing higher speeds users while keeping them connected network, LTE in unlicensed (LTE-U) devised. This work analyses two techniques proposed as LTE-U: LTE-LBT...

In this paper, we explore a radio access scheduling problem, TimeFreqResourceAllocation-vO, proposed by Nokia Bell Labs in its open-source framework Wireless Suite. We elaborate on learning-based black-box methodology using the Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) as candidate solution for QoS-aware scheduling. The approach achieves best score performance compared to either baseline methodologies (e.g., Round Robin, Proportional Fair, etc.) or common Deep Reinforcement...

In this letter, we propose a machine learning solution for crowd-size classification in an indoor environment. Narrow-band radio frequency signals are used to identify pattern according the number of people. Experimental data collected by low-cost software-defined platform postprocessed applying feature mapping along with random forest technique classifying scenarios. The proposed has significant accuracy performance.

In this paper, we elaborate on the frequency resource allocation problem of Wireless Networked Control Systems (WNCS). We consider a multi user wireless environment (e.g., factory) where users are remote industrial Internet Things (IIoT) devices competing for network resources and centralized base station needs to assign each device accordingly in order keep overall control system stability. design joint scheduler solution, can estimate degradation given state use information device. show...

Machine learning techniques applied to radio frequency (RF) signals are used for many applications in addition data communication. In this paper, the authors propose a machine solution classifying number of people within an indoor ambient. The main idea is identify pattern received signal characteristics according people. Experimental measurements performed using software-defined platform inside laboratory. collected post-processed by applying feature mapping technique based on mean,...