1. Introduction 1.1 Formalization 1.2 Elementary Characteristics of Populations 2. Life Tables 2.1 General Concepts 2.2 The Single Decrement 2.3 Abridged Table 2.4 Multiple 2.5 Selected Properties Model 3. Reproduction 3.1 Background 3.2 Per Capita Reproductive Rates 3.3 Heterogeneity 3.4 Generalizations 4. Population I. Basic and Models 4.1 4.2 Stable 4.3 Projection 4.4 Fundamental 5. II. Extensions Theory 5.1 Two-Sex 5.2 Stochastic Demography 5.3 Multiregional 5.4 Demographic Social...

Mite populations grew more rapidly on new growth of cotton seedlings that had never been exposed to mites than plants whose cotyledons previously them. Experiments in which a second mite introduction the involved different species produced this same result. The substance or substances responsible for response are transported systemically among leaves seedlings.

Since 1954, when the first tropical tephritid fruit fly was detected in California, a total of 17 species four genera and 11 386 individuals (adults/larvae) have been state at more than 3348 locations 330 cities. We conclude from spatial mapping analyses historical capture patterns modelling that, despite 250+ emergency eradication projects that directed against these pests by federal agencies, minimum five as many nine or are established widespread, including Mediterranean, Mexican oriental...

The life history of medflies is characterized by two physiological modes with different demographic schedules fertility and survival: a waiting mode in which both mortality reproduction are low reproductive very at the onset egg laying but accelerates as eggs laid. Medflies stay when they fed only sugar. When protein, scarce resource wild, switch to mode. that from survive longer than kept either exclusively. An understanding shift occurs between may yield information about fundamental...

Summary We investigated the capacity of young ovaries, transplanted into old ovariectomized CBA mice, to improve remaining life expectancy hosts. Donor females were sexually mature 2‐month‐olds; recipients prepubertally at 3 weeks and received transplants 5, 8 or 11 months age. Relative control females, was increased by 60% in 11‐month recipient 40% relative intact females. Only 20% transplant died 300‐day period following ovarian transplantation, whereas nearly 65% during this same period....

The relation between fertility and postmenopausal longevity is investigated for a sample of 1635 women from historical (17th to 18th century) French-Canadian cohort who lived past the age 50 years. We find that increased linked rather than decreased postreproductive survival. Postreproductive life expectancy extension found be tied late births. This finding sheds new light on cost reproduction may viewed as supporting paradigm states reproductive potential drives remaining longevity....

Abstract. 1. This study was conducted in Greece using a wild strain of medflies ( Ceratitis capitata [Weidemann]) to assess age‐specific vital rates adults, and development survival pre‐adults when reared on different host fruit. The results were used construct life tables. 2. demographic analyses suggested that there are basically four aspects the medfly's history which major importance: (i) multiple, highlyoverlapping generations; (ii) high net reproduction while young; (iii) larval...

Although it is widely known that dietary restriction (DR) not only extends the longevity of a wide range species but also reduces their reproductive output, interrelationship DR, extension and reproduction well understood in any organism. Here we address question: 'Under what nutritional conditions do longevity-enhancing effects resulting from food either counteract, complement or reinforce mortality costs reproduction? To answer this question designed fine-grained DR study involving 4800...

Temporal variation and phenology of tropical insect communities the role environmental factors controlling this is poorly understood. A better understanding needed, for example, to predict effects climate change on assess long‐term persistence communities. We studied seasonal inter‐annual in fruit‐feeding butterflies by exploiting a unique 137‐month abundance time series >100 species, sampled at 22 locations medium altitude montane rain forest Kibale National Park, western Uganda....

Abstract The phenology and population dynamics of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), were studied from 1991 to 1995 using Jackson traps baited with trimedlure periodic sampling in two orchards Thessaloniki northern Greece (40.3° north latitude, 22.5° longitude). This area is located within northernmost zone establishment fly Europe. No adults captured December end June. first captures recorded June August, depending on year orchard, rates peaked autumn each year....

Summary The purpose of this study was to investigate medfly longevity and reproduction across a broad spectrum diet restriction using protocol similar those applied in most rodent studies. Age‐specific age death were monitored for 1200 adult males females, each individually maintained on one 12 diets from ad libitum 30% . Diet provided fixed volume solution that fully consumed day, ensuring control total nutrient consumption every fly. Contrary expectation precedence, increased not observed...

We monitored survival and reproduction of 1000 individuals Caenorhabditis elegans wild type (N2) 800 clk-1 daf-2, used biodemographic analysis to address fitness as the integrative consequence entire age-specific schedules reproduction. Relative N2, mutants daf-2 extended average life span by 27% 111%, respectively, but reduced net reproductive rate 44% 18%. The result differences in fertility was a significant differential fitness, with both (λ = 2.74) 3.78) at disadvantage relative N2...

Empirical studies reveal aging occurs in wild populations. Consideration of the ecological and evolutionary consequences these findings is critical for many areas research, including life-history evolution, sexual selection, behavior, applied ecology. Variation patterns age-dependent declines phenotypic traits has been found both within among individuals, this raises future questions aimed at understanding what determines trajectories across tree life. The presence older, aging, individuals...